Portsmouth ( Ã, ( listen ) ) is a port city in Hampshire, England, especially in Portsea Island, 70 miles (110 km) south-west of London and 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Southampton. It has a total population of 205,400. The city is part of the awakened South Hampshire region, which also includes Southampton and Havant towns, Waterlooville, Eastleigh, Fareham, and Gosport.
The history of the city can be traced back to Roman times. A significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth has the world's oldest dry dock and Britain's first line of defense during the French invasion in 1545. Palmerston's special fort was built in 1859 to anticipate another invasion of the European continent. In the early 19th century, Portsmouth was the most heavily guarded city in the world, and was considered the "largest naval harbor in the world" at the summit of the British Empire across Pax Britannica. The world's first mass production line was established in the city, making it the most industrialized place in the world. During the Second World War, the city was an important embarkation point for D-Day landings and was bombed extensively at Portsmouth Blitz, resulting in the deaths of 930 people. In 1982, most of the task forces sent to free the Falkland Islands were deployed from the city's naval base. His Royal Yacht Britannia left town to oversee the transfer of Hong Kong in 1997, marking the end of the empire.
Portsmouth is one of the most famous ports in the world. HMNB Portsmouth is considered the home of the Royal Navy and is home to two-thirds of the UK surface fleet. The city is home to some of the famous ships, including HMS Warrior, Tudor Mary Rose and Horatio Nelson horses, HMS Victory () world) naval vessels still in commission). The former HMS navy establishment Vernon has been rebuilt as a retail park known as Gunwharf Quays. Portsmouth is one of several cities in England with two cathedrals: St. Thomas' Anglican Cathedral and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St John the Evangelist. The shoreline and Portsmouth Harbor is dominated by the Spinnaker Tower, one of the tallest buildings in England at 560 feet (170 m). Near Southsea is a seaside resort with an amusement park pier and medieval castle.
Portsmouth F.C., the city's professional football club, played their home game at Fratton Park. The city has several major railway stations connected to London Waterloo among other routes in southern England. Portsmouth International Harbor is a commercial yacht and ferry port for international destinations. This port is the second busiest in the UK after Dover, handling about three million passengers per year. The city used to have its own airport, Portsmouth Airport, until its closure in 1973. Portsmouth University includes 23,000 students and is among the best modern universities in the world. Portsmouth is also the birthplace of writer Charles Dickens and engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
Video Portsmouth
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The Romans built Portus Adurni, a fortress, in nearby Portchester at the end of the 3rd century. The Old English name of the city "PortesmuÃÆ' Â ° a" comes from the port , which means heaven, and muÃÆ' Â ° a , the mouth of a large river or estuary. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has a soldier named Port and his two sons killed a noble aristocrat in Portsmouth in 501. Winston Churchill, in his book A History of the English-Speaking Peoples , saying that Port is a pirate and he founded Portsmouth in 501.
The southern coast was susceptible to the Viking invasion of Denmark during the 8th and 9th centuries. In 787, it was attacked and conquered by Danish pirates, and then during the reign of ëthelwulf, King Wessex in 838, the Danish fleet landed between Portsmouth and Southampton and the surrounding area was looted. In response, Æ' thelwulf sent Wulfherd and the Dorsetshire governor to face Denmark in Portsmouth, where most of their ships docked. They succeeded even though Wulfherd was killed. In 1001, Denmark returned and looted Portsmouth and its surroundings, threatening England with extinction. Denmark was massacred by survivors the following year and the rebuilding began, although the city suffered further attacks until 1066.
Norman to Tudor
Portsmouth is not mentioned in the Domesday 1086 Survey, but Bocheland (Buckland), Copenore (Copnor), and Frodentone (Fratton) are. Sources of defending it were founded in 1180 by the Anglo-Norman merchant Jean de Gisors.
When King Henry II died in 1189, his son Richard I, who spent most of his life in France, arrived at Portsmouth before he was crowned in London. When Richard returned from captivity in Austria in May 1194, he summoned a fleet with 100 ships and one soldier to port. He gave the city a royal charter on May 2, granting permission for the annual fifteen annual free market, weekly market, and local courts to deal with minor issues, and liberated its population from paying an annual tax of £ 18. Richard gave the city of Isaac Komnenos winding from Cyprus , which he had defeated during the Third Crusade in 1191, reflecting the significant involvement of local troops, sailors and ships in holy war. The celebration of 800 years was celebrated in 1994 as the founding of the city.
King John reaffirmed the privileges and privileges granted by Richard Ã, I and established a permanent naval base. The first pier was built by William of Wrotham beginning in 1212. John summoned his storytellers, barons, and military advisers to the city to plan the Normandy invasion. In 1229, after the declaration of war against the French, Henry Ã, III collected the forces described as "one of the best soldiers ever raised in England" by the historian of Lake Allen. The invasion halted and returned from France in October 1231. In 1242 Henry summoned the troops to attack the Guienne, and in 1295 Edward I sent supplies to his troops in France. In the next century, commercial interests have grown and exports include wool, corn, wheat, and livestock.
Edward II ordered all ports on the south coast to collect their largest ship in Portsmouth to bring troops and horses to the Duchy of Aquitaine in 1324 to strengthen the defense. In 1336, a French fleet under the command of David II of Scotland attacked the English Channel, ransacked the Isle of Wight and threatened the city. Concerned, Edward Ã, III instructed all maritime cities to build ships and increase troops to meet at Portsmouth. Two years later, a French fleet led by Nicholas BÃÆ' Â © huchet stormed Portsmouth, destroying much of the city. Only churches and stone hospitals built survivors. After the attack, Edward Ã, III freed the city from the national tax to help reconstruction. After the death of Edward Ã, III in 1377, his grandson Richard Ã, II was crowned, and the French landed in Portsmouth in the same year. The city was looted and set on fire, but its inhabitants fought against and defeated them, which caused the French to retreat and attack the cities of the West instead.
Henry V built Portsmouth's first permanent fortress. In 1416, a number of French ships blocked Portsmouth, which was the site of the attacked ship to attack Normandy. Instead, Henry collected a fleet at Southampton and invaded the coast of Norman in August of that year. Recognizing the growing importance of the city, he ordered the Round Wood Tower to be built at the mouth of the harbor, which was completed in 1426. Henry VII rebuilt the castle with stones, assisting Robert Brygandine and Sir Reginald Bray in the world's first construction. and raised the Square Tower in 1494. During his reign, Henry Ã, VII made Portsmouth the Royal Dock, and was the only shipyard in Britain considered "national" at the time. Although King Alfred may have used Portsmouth to build a ship as early as the 9th century, the first recorded warship built in the city was the Lottery, built on a dry dock in 1497.
In 1539, Henry VIII built the Southsea Castle, financed by Dissolution of the Monasteries, in anticipation of the French invasion. He also invested large sums of money into the city's dockyard, and expanded its limit to 8 hectares (3.2 ha). Around this time the Tudor defensive boom stretched from the Round Tower to Fort Blockhouse in Gosport, as a refuge to Portsmouth Harbor.
In 1545, from Southsea Castle, he witnessed his mother Mary Rose sinking with the loss of about 500 lives, while in action against the French fleet in the Battle of Solent. Some historians believe that Mary Rose turned too fast and drowned its open weapon port, while others thought it was drowning because of its poor design. Over the years, Portsmouth forts were rebuilt and repaired by successive kings. In 1563, Portsmouth suffered from an outbreak of disease, which left about 300 people dead from the city's population in 2000.
Stuart to Georgia
In 1623, Charles I (then the Prince of Wales) returned to Portsmouth from his trips in France and Spain. Five years later, Charles's unpopular military adviser, George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed to death in an Old Portsmouth pub by John Felton's war veteran. Felton never attempted to escape and was caught walking down the street when the army confronted him, to which he replied: "I know he died, because I had forty men when I hit the blow". Felton was then hanged, and his body was chained to a gibbet at Southsea Common as a warning to others. The murder took place at the Greyhound public house on High Street, now private and called Buckingham House; it carries a memorial plaque.
Most of the population, including the mayor, supported MPs during the British Civil War, although its military governor, Colonel Goring, supported the royalists. The city became the main base for the parliamentary navy and was blockaded from the sea. Parliamentary troops were sent to raid with land in the Portsmouth siege; Weapons from Southsea Castle were fired into the royal garrison in the city. Across the harbor, lawmakers in Gosport joined the attack, with their weapons ruining St Thomas' Church. On September 5, 1642, the remaining royalists in the garrison at Menara Square were forced to surrender after the Goring threatened to blow it up with gunpowder. In return, he and his garrison were allowed to pass through a safe passage.
Under the British Commonwealth, Robert Blake used the harbor as his headquarters during the First Anglo-Dutch War in 1652 and the Spanish Anglo War of 1654. He died in the city's back view of CÃÆ'¡diz. After the end of the Civil War in 1646, Portsmouth was one of the first cities to declare Charles Ã, II as king and then begin to flourish. In 1650, the first vessel to be built for over 100 years, HMSÃ, Portsmouth , was launched. Between 1650 and 1660, twelve ships were built. After the restoration of the Monarchy, Charles Ã, II married Catherine of Braganza at Royal Garrison Church. During the second half of the 17th century the city continued to grow; a new dock was built in 1663 for military purposes, and in 1665 a pond pond was dug up. In 1684, the list of ships docked at Portsmouth provided evidence of increasing national importance; the city was the only naval meeting place in England at the time. Between 1667 and 1685 the fortress of the city was rebuilt; new walls built with bastions and two trenches dug, making Portsmouth one of the most powerful places in the world.
In 1759, General James Wolfe sailed from the port to Canada on an expedition to capture Quebec, which, despite success, left him losing his life. His body was brought back to Portsmouth in November of that year and received the highest naval and military awards. Two years later, on May 30, 1775, Captain James Cook arrived on board the HMS Endeavor after circling the globe. On May 13, 1787, eleven ships set out to establish the first European colony in Australia, marking the beginning of prisoner transport, and in the same year, Captain William Bligh of HMS
Pompey City's nickname is estimated to come from a Portsmouth Point log entry, contracted to "Po'm.P." ( Po ' rts m outh P. oint) as the ship enters the port. Navigation graphs use contractions. However, a historian argues that the name Pompey may have been brought back from a group of Portsmouth-based sailors who visited the Pompey Pillar in Alexandria, Egypt, circa 1781. Another theory is that it was named after the port guard, Pompee , a 74-gun French ship from a line that was captured in 1793.
The emblem of the borough was proved at the beginning of the 19th century, such as the Azure of the crescent or, overcome by the estoile of the last eight points. This design was apparently based on the seal of the mayor used in the 18th century. century.
Industrial Revolution to Victorian
Marc Isambard Brunel established the world's first mass production line in Portsmouth Block Mills making pulley blocks for rigging naval vessels. The first machine was installed in January 1803 and the last set for a large block in March 1805. In 1808, the plant produced 130,000 blocks. At the turn of the 19th century, the city has the world's largest industrial site with a workforce of 8000 and an annual budget of £ 570,000.
In 1805, Admiral Nelson left Portsmouth to lead the fleet that defeated Franco-Spain at the Battle of Trafalgar. Before leaving, Nelson told the HMS Victory and ship workers that "England expects everyone to do their work". Royal Navy dependence on Portsmouth makes it the most fortified city in the world. A Palmerston Forts network was built around the city as part of a program led by Prime Minister Lord Palmerston to defend the British military base from ground attack. The forts were dubbed "Follies Palmerston" due to the fact that their weapons were directed inland and not to the sea. From 1808 the West African Royal Navy Squadron, which was in charge of halting the slave trade, operating outside the city of Portsmouth.
In April 1811, Portsea Island Company built its first pipeline water supply to high and middle class homes. It supplies water to about 4,500 of 14,000 homes, generating revenues of Ã, Â £ 5,000 a year. The active career of HMS Victory ' ended in 1812, when she was tethered at Portsmouth Harbor and used as a depot ship. The city of Gosport accounts for Ã, Â £ 75 per year for ship maintenance. In 1818, John Pounds began teaching working-class children in the country's first school. In 1820, the Portsea Enhancement Commissioner installed a gas streetlight throughout the city, followed by Old Portsmouth three years later.
During the 19th century, Portsmouth grew and flourished throughout Portsea Island. In the 1860s Buckland had merged into a thriving city, and over the next decade Fratton and Stamshaw had also joined. Between 1865 and 1870 the council built a ditch after more than 800 people died in a cholera outbreak. The law states that every house within 100 feet (30 m) of the gutter should be connected to it. By 1871, the population had risen to 100,000, although the national census at that time provided a population of 113,569. The working-class suburbs were built in the 1870s when about 1,820 houses were built on land owned by Mr. Ã, Somers. The suburb becomes Somerstown. Despite the improvement of public health, 514 people died in smallpox outbreaks in 1872. That year, on December 21, the Challenger expedition was launched from Portsmouth, by traveling 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) around the world for research scientific.
Edwardian to the Second World War
At the turn of the 20th century, Portsmouth was regarded as "the largest naval harbor in the world" when the United Kingdom was at the peak of its power, accounting for a quarter of Earth's total land area and 458 million people. In 1900, the Portsmouth Dockyard employs 8,000 people Ã, - a figure that more than doubled to 23,000 during World War One. On October 1, 1916, Portsmouth was bombed by a Zeppelin air ship. Although Oberste Heeresleitung (the Supreme German Army Command) stated that the city was "flooded with wasteful with good results", there were no reports of any bombs dropped in the area. Another source confirmed that the bomb was mistakenly dropped to the port and not in the shipyard. Throughout the war, about 1,200 ships were installed in the shipyard, making it one of the most strategic ports of the empire at the time.
Portsmouth was granted city status in 1926, after a long campaign by the borough council. This app was made on the grounds that it was the "first navy port of the kingdom". In 1929, the city council added the motto "Light of Heaven Our Guide" to the medieval symbol. Except for the celestial bodies in the arms, the slogan was the Indian Star, referring to the troops headed for the British Indians who had been abandoned from the harbor. Peaks and supporters are based on people from the royal arms, but are altered to show the maritime connections of the city: lions and unicorns have been given fish tails, and naval crowns are placed around the unicorn. Around the unicorn is encased in a representation of the Tudor defensive boom that stretches across Portsmouth Harbor.
During the Second World War, the city, especially the harbor, was bombed extensively by the Luftwaffe at Portsmouth Blitz. Between July 1940 and May 1944, the city was hit by a 67 air raid that destroyed 6625 homes and severely damaged 6549 of them. Air strikes caused 930 deaths and injured nearly 3000 people, many of them in shipyards and military companies. On the night of the city's heaviest raid on January 10, 1941, the Luftwaffe dropped 140 tons of high explosive bombs, killing 171 people and displacing 3,000 people. Many of the town houses were damaged and the Landport and Old Portsmouth areas were destroyed, with the future Gunwharf Quays being torn down to the ground. That same night, the Guildhall was hit by an incendiary bomb that burned the interior and destroyed its inner wall, even though the civil plates were taken unscathed from the vault under the front stairs. Following the heaviest attack on the city, Portsmouth's mayor Sir Denis Daley wrote on Evening News :
We are bruised but we are not afraid, and we are determined to always stand side by side with other cities that have felt the enemy's blast, and we will, with them, endeavor with the unending spirit in the conclusive direction and decisive victory.
Portsmouth Harbor was an important military embarkation point for the D-Day landing on June 6, 1944. Southwick House, just north of the city, was the headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, US General Dwight D. Eisenhower. On July 15, 1944, a V-1 flying bomb hit Newcomen Road, killing 15 people.
Post-war
Much of the city's housing stock was damaged during the war. The debris was cleared in an attempt to improve the quality of the residence after the war, although before permanent accommodation could be built, the Portsmouth City Council built houses for those who had lost their homes. Between 1945 and 1947, more than 700 prefab homes were built Ã, - some set up on bomb sites. The first permanent home was built away from the city center to new developments such as Paulsgrove and Leigh Park, with plantation development in Paulsgrove completed in 1953. At Leigh Park, the first housing was completed in 1949, although the building work in this area continued until 1974. sometimes finding unexploded bombs in the area, such as at the site of the destroyed Hippodrome theater in 1984. Despite improvements made by the city council to build new accommodation, a survey made in 1955 concluded that 7,000 homes in Portsmouth were unfeasible for human habitation. Following a controversial decision, all the central parts of Portsmouth, including Landport, Somerstown and Buckland, were destroyed and replaced by council housing during the 1960s and early 1970s. The success of the project and the quality of the 70s house is debatable.
Portsmouth was influenced by the decline of the British Empire in the second half of the 20th century. Shipping work fell from 46% of the workforce in 1951 to 14% in 1966, drastically reducing the workforce in shipyards. City council seeks to create new jobs; an industrial estate was built in Fratton in 1948, and the others built in Paulsgrove and Farlington in the 1950s and 1960s, respectively. Traditional industries such as breweries and corsets disappeared during this time, although electrical engineering became a big company. Despite cuts made for the traditional sector, Portsmouth remains an exciting place for the industry. In 1968, the Zurich Insurance Group moved their UK headquarters to the city, with IBM relocating their European headquarters in 1979. The city's population had dropped from about 200,000 to 177,142 in the late 1960s. In the early 1980s, Defense Minister John Nott concluded that of the four home docks, Portsmouth and Chatham would be closed. However, the Portsmouth City Council won a concession, and instead of covering up, the shipyard was deployed to a naval base.
On April 2, 1982, Argentine troops stormed two British territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The British government's response was to send a naval task force, and on April 5, the HMS Hermes and HMSÃ, Invincible aircraft sailed from Portsmouth to the South Atlantic. The success of the outcome of the war has reaffirmed Portsmouth's significance as a naval port and the importance of British defense interests. In January 1997, His Majesty Yacht departed from the city on his final voyage to oversee the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, marking the end of the empire. He was later disabled on December 11 of that year at Portsmouth Naval Base in the presence of Queen, Duke of Edinburgh, and twelve senior members of the Royal Family.
In 2001, the redevelopment of the HMS naval seahorse began as a complex of retail outlets, clubs, pubs, and large shopping centers known as Gunwharf Quays. In 2003, the construction of the Spinnaker Tower as high as 168 meters in Gunwharf Quays with sponsorship of the National Lottery. By the end of 2004, the Tricorn Center, dubbed "the ugliest building in Britain" by the BBC, was destroyed after years of arguing about the cost of demolition, and controversy over whether it was worth defending as an example of brutal architecture of the 1960s. It was designed by Owen Luder as part of a project to "revitalize" Portsmouth in the 1960s, consisting of shopping centers, markets, nightclubs and multi-story parking lots. In 2005 the city celebrated the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar, with Queen Elizabeth II present at an official fleet review and a mock battle staged. The naval base continues to be home to two-thirds of the surface fleet.
Maps Portsmouth
Geography
Through the road, Portsmouth is located 73.5 miles (118.3 km) from Central London, 49.5 miles (79.7 km) west of Brighton, and 22.3 km (35.9 km) east of Southampton. Portsmouth is located primarily on Portsea Island and is the only British archipelago city, although some of it has expanded to the mainland. Gosport formed its own territory in the west. The island is separated from the mainland by Portsbridge Creek crossed by three road bridges (M275 highway, A3 road, and A2030 road), railway bridge, and two bridges. Portsea Island, which is part of the Hampshire Basin, is lowland: the vast majority of its surface area on the island is less than 3 meters (9.8Ã, ft) above sea level. The highest natural elevation on Portsea Island is the crossroads of Kingston Cross, at a height of 21 feet (6.4 m).
Old Portsmouth forms the oldest part of the city in the northwestern part of Portsea Island, and includes Portsmouth Point, which is historically dubbed the Spice Island. The main channel that enters Portsmouth Harbor, located west of Portsea Island, passes between Old Portsmouth and Gosport. In Portsmouth Harbor there is a series of lakes, including the Fountain Lake near the harbor, Portchester Lake in the middle south, Brick Kiln Lake and Tipner to the east, as well as Bombketch and Spider Lakes to the west. On further channels to the northwest, around Portchester, are Wicor, Cams, and Great Cams Lakes. The large tidal inlet of Langstone Harbor is located east of Portsea Island. In the north, offshore Farlington, there is the Farlington Marshal, a marsh lagoon and a 125-acre (308-acre) copy. One of the oldest local reserves in the county, built from reclaimed land in 1771, provides an important habitat for migratory wild birds and waders.
South of Portsmouth is the waters of Spithead, the wider Solent, and the Isle of Wight. The south coast of the city is historically fortified by the Round Tower, the Square Tower, Southsea Castle, Fort Lumps and Fort Cumberland. Four sea forts built in Solent to protect Portsmouth by Lord Palmerston, this is called Spitbank Fort, St. Helens Fort, Horse Sand Fort and No Mans Land Fort.
The Southsea seaside resort is located south of Portsea Island, and to the east lies an area known as Eastney. Eastney Lake covers nearly 170 acres (69 acres) in 1626. To the north of Eastney is the Milton housing district and the area of ​​land reclaimed now known as Milton Common (formerly Milton Lake), is described as "a dense flat land with a series of freshwater lakes". Further north on the east coast is the Baffins residential district, featuring Great Salterns recreation areas and golf courses, which form the area around Portsmouth College.
The Hilsea Lines is a series of dead castles on the north coast of the island bordering Portsbridge Creek and the mainland. Portsdown Hill dominates the skyline in the northern part of the city, and contains several large Palmerston Forts, such as Fort Fareham, Fort Wallington, Fort Nelson, Fort Southwick, Fort Widley and Fort Purbrook. Portsdown Hill is formed by a large group of limestone, while the rest of Portsea Island consists of layers of London Clay and sand (part of the Bagshot Formation), which is formed primarily in the Eocene and Early Epoch Epoch.
Areas north of the city include Stamshaw, Hilsea and Copnor, Cosham, Drayton, Farlington, and Port Solent. Other districts in Portsmouth include North End and Fratton. The western part of the city is primarily a board plantation such as Buckland, Landport, and Portsea. It was built to replace Victorian-style terraces that were destroyed by bombings in World War II. After the war, 2,000 hectares (810 hectares) of land at Leigh Park was built to address chronic housing shortages during postwar reconstruction. Since the early 2000s, the plantation has been entirely under the jurisdiction of the Havant Borough Council, but the Portsmouth City Council remains a landlord of these properties, making it the largest landowner in Havant Borough.
The city's main station, Portsmouth, and Southsea railway station, are located in the city center, close to the Guildhall and Civilian Office. Just south of the Guildhall is the Guildhall Walk, a nightlife area with many pubs and clubs. Edinburgh Road contains the Roman Catholic cathedral in the city and Victoria Park, a 15 hectare (6.1 acre) park that opened in 1878.
Climate
Located on the south coast of England, Portsmouth has a calm sea climate, receiving more sun than most of the British Isles. During the winter, snow is light and short-lived and snow is quite rare, with temperatures rarely falling below freezing, as the city is surrounded by water and densely populated, and Portsdown Hill protects the city from the cold northern winds. The average maximum temperature in January is 10 ° C (50 ° F) with a minimum average of 5 ° C (41 ° F). The lowest recorded temperature is -8 Â ° C (18 Â ° F). In summer temperatures of 30 Â ° C (86 Â ° F) can sometimes be achieved, especially in more protected areas. The average maximum temperature in July was 22 ° C (72 ° F), with the minimum average being 15 ° C (59 ° F). The highest recorded temperature was 35 ° C, (95 ° F, 95 ° F). Since it is located on the coast of southeastern England, the city receives more sunshine per year than most of Britain. The city gets about 645 millimeters (25.4 inches) of rain per year, with a minimum of 1 mm (0.04 in) of the rain being reported at 103 days of the year.
Demographics
Portsmouth, as the most populous city in England, is the only city whose population density exceeds London. At the 2011 census, the city has 205,400 inhabitants. This equals to 5,100 people living in every square kilometer (0.4 sq. Ã, mi.), Which is eleven times more than the regional average of 440 people per square kilometer and more than London, which has 4,900 people. per square kilometer. The city is even more densely populated, with a 1951 census showing a population of 233,545 inhabitants. In the reversal of the decline, city dwellers have been gradually increasing since the 1990s. With approximately 860,000 inhabitants, the wake-up South Hampshire is Britain's fifth largest urban area and the largest in South East England, forming the center of one of the most densely populated metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom.
The city is predominantly white in ethnic terms, with 91.8% of the population belonging to this ethnic group. Portsmouth's long relationship with the Royal Navy means that he represents one of the most diverse cities in terms of the British Isles community. Similarly, some of the largest and most established non-white communities are rooted in the Royal Navy, especially large Chinese communities, mainly from Hong Kong England. The long industrial history of Portsmouth in support of the Royal Navy has seen many people from all over the British Isles moved to Portsmouth to work in factories and wharves, the largest of these groups being Irish Catholics. According to the 2011 census, details of ethnic Portsmouth residents are as follows: 84.0% White English, 3.8% Others White, 1.3% Chinese, 1.4% Indian, 0.5% Mixed-Race, 1.8% Bangladesh, 0.5% Other ethnic group, 1.4% Black Africa, 0.5% White Irish, 1.3% Asian Other, 0.3% Pakistan, 0.3% Black Caribbean and 0.1% Other Black.
Government and politics
The city is managed by the Portsmouth City Council, a unitary authority responsible for local affairs. Portsmouth was given the first charter in 1194. At the beginning of the 20th century, boundaries were extended to cover the entire island of Portsea; they were extended again in 1920 and 1932, taking in adjacent land areas and villages including Drayton and Farlington. From April 1, 1974, it established the second level of local government under the District Council of Hampshire; However, Portsmouth, along with Southampton, became administratively independent of Hampshire with the creation of a unity authority on April 1, 1997. The city is divided into two parliamentary constituencies, Portsmouth South and North Portsmouth, represented at the House of Commons by, respectively, Stephen Morgan and Penny Mordaunt, of the Labor Party and Members of Conservative Parliament.
The city council consists of 42 board members. After local elections in May 2014, the Conservatives formed a minority administration with only 12 councilors. The largest party in the council is the Liberal Democrat with 19 councors (including Lord Major). The other parties represented in the council are the British Independence Party (UKIP) and the Labor Party, each with five and four Board members. There are also two independent board members, Eleanor Scott (elected Liberal Democrat) and Paul Godier (selected as UKIP). Board members are returned from the 14 wards, with each ward having three board members and a period of four years. The board leader is Conservative Donna Jones. Lord Mayor of Portsmouth positions are usually held for a period of one year.
The Council is based in the Civil Office, which consists of home departments such as tax support, housing allowances, resident services, and municipal functions. They are located in Guildhall Square, along with Portsmouth Guildhall and Portsmouth Central Library. The Guildhall is a symbol of Portsmouth, serving primarily as a cultural venue. It was designed by Leeds-based architect William Hill, who first started building it in neo-classical style in 1873 at a cost of Ã, Â £ 140,000. The Guildhall was opened to the public in 1890.
Economy
One-tenth of the city's workforce is used in Portsmouth Naval Dockyard, which is directly linked to the city's largest industrial, defense, with BAE Systems Surface Ships headquarters located in the city. BAE's Portsmouth shipyard has been awarded part of the construction work on two new Queen Elizabeth aircraft carriers, with both carriers set to enter Portsmouth Harbor upon completion. Contracts worth  £ 100 million signed to develop facilities in Portsmouth that will be required to support the vessel. There is also a major ferry port that handles passengers and cargo, and the city has a dedicated fishing fleet of 20 to 30 vessels operating outside the camber quay in Camber Quay, Old Portsmouth. They landed fish and shellfish every day, mostly sold in the dock fish market.
The city hosted IBM headquarters in Europe and, until 2007, the headquarters of Zurich Financial Services in the United Kingdom. In the center of town, shopping is centered on Commercial Road and the 1980s Cascades Shopping Center, with over 100 street shops among them. Approximately 185,000 to 230,000 people use the Cascades Shopping Center every week. The recent redevelopment has created new shopping areas, including the upmarket Gunwharf Market - the redevelopment of the HMS Vernon beachfront - which contains fashion shops, restaurants and cinemas, and the Historic Shipyard , which caters to the tourism sector and holds the annual Victorian Christmas market. Ocean Retail Park is located on the northeastern side of Portsea Island and built on land previously occupied by the Metal Box factory in September 1985.
Development at Gunwharf Quays continued into 2007 with the completion of the 330-foot (1010, m) No. of Gunwharf Quays settlement tower. (span the nickname 'Lipstick Tower'). The development of the former Brickwoods manufacturing site includes the construction of a 22-story tower known as the Admiralty Quarter Tower, the tallest in most low-rise residential complexes. A new 25-story tower named 'Number One Portsmouth', published in late October 2008, which has been proposed at 330 feet (101 m), and will stand opposite Portsmouth & Southsea Station. As of August 2009, internal dismantling has begun in the building currently occupying the site. A new student accommodation tower, nicknamed 'The Blade', has begun construction on the old Victorian waterfront site, on the edge of Victoria Park. The tower will stand more than 300 feet (91 m), and will be the second highest structure of Portsmouth after the Spinnaker Tower.
In April 2007, Portsmouth F.C. announced plans to move from Fratton Park to a new stadium located on a reclamation plot next to the Historic Dungeon, dubbed Portsmouth Dockland Stadium. Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, de Meuron, will also include 1500 port apartments as well as shops and offices. This scheme is inviting criticism because of its large size and location, with some officials saying it would disrupt port operations. The project worth  £ 600 million for the new stadium was rejected by the city council due to the 2008 financial crisis.
Portsmouth will help build, and become a home port, two new Queen Elizabeth class aircraft: HMSÃ, Queen Elizabeth and HMSÃ, Prince of Wales , the largest ship ever built by the Royal Navy. The supercarriers were first ordered by Defense Secretary Des Browne on July 25, 2007. Construction of both vessels took place at Firth of Forth at Rosyth Dockyard and BAE Systems Surface Ships in Glasgow, Babcock International in Rosyth, and at HMNB Portsmouth. It was announced by the government before the Scottish Independence Referendum that the construction of a military ship will end up in Portsmouth, with all of the sailboats of British surface warships to be focused instead on two older BAE facilities in Glasgow. It was heavily criticized at the time as a political decision rather than an economy to help "No campaign" for Scotland to remain a part of the British Empire.
Culture
Portsmouth has several theaters: the New Theater Royal on Guildhall Walk, near the city center, specializing in professional dramas, and the newly restored Kings Theater in Southsea, featuring amateur musicals as well as a number of national tours. Another theater is the Groundlings Theater, built in 1784 and housed at The Old Beneficial School, Portsea. New Prince's Theater and Kings Theater in Southsea were designed by Victorian architect and entrepreneur Frank Matcham.
The city also has three music venues established: Guildhall, The Wedgewood Rooms (which belong to a smaller place, Edge of the Wedge), and Portsmouth Pyramids Center. Portsmouth Guildhall, another theater, is one of the largest events in South East England, with a seating capacity of 2500. Over the years a series of symphonic concerts have been presented at the Guildhall by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. In the 1970s, Portsmouth Sinfonia approached classical music from a different angle: Sinfonia often recruits players who have no musical training or, if they are musicians, who choose to play a completely new instrument for them. Portsmouth Summer Events are held at King George's Fields. The 2016 event was held on the last weekend of April, and featured cover bands like the Silver Beatles, the Bog Rolling Stones, and the Fleetingwood Mac.
Many musical works arranged in the city. Portsmouth Point is an introduction to orchestra by British composer William Walton in 1925. This work was inspired by the etching of Thomas Rowlandson depicting Portsmouth Point, otherwise known as the "Spice Island" at Old Portsmouth. This closure was used for the BBC Prom Concert in 2007. H.M.S. Pinafore is a comic opera in two rounds at Portsmouth Harbor, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by S. Gilbert. The 1951 John Cranko Ballet Pineapple Poll , featuring Gilbert and Sullivan's Bumboat Woman's Story , is also broadcast in Portsmouth.
Portsmouth hosts the annual landing of D-Day landings, which veterans from the Commonwealth and Commonwealth countries attended. The city played a major role in the 50th anniversary of D-Day in 1994; visitors include US President Bill Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, King Harald V of Norway, French President FranÃÆ'§ois Mitterrand, New Zealand Prime Minister Jim Bolger, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien, Prime Minister John Major, Queen and Duke of Edinburgh. The Portsmouth International Kite Festival is held annually by the Portsmouth City Council and The Kite Society of Great Britain. It celebrates its 25th anniversary in 2016.
Literature
In the literature, Portsmouth is the prime location for the 1993 novel Jonathan Meades Pompey , where most are inhabited by incest and necrophiliac criminals. Since the launch of his novel, Meades has presented a TV program documenting Victorian-style architecture at Portsmouth Dockyard. In Jane Austen's Mansfield Park novel, Portsmouth is the birthplace of the main character Fanny Price, and is the setting of most of the novel cover chapters. In Charles Dickens novel Nicholas Nickleby's Life and Adventure, the main protagonist Nicholas and Smike go to Portsmouth and engage in a theater troupe. In Aubrey-Maturin's historic series Patrick O'Brian, Portsmouth is most often the harbor where Captain Jack Aubrey's vessels sail.
Victorian novelist and historian Sir Walter Besant documented his childhood in the city in the 1840s at Celia's Arbor: A Tale of Portsmouth Town. This book is famous for its precise description of the city before the defense wall was removed. The Southsea feature in Mr Polly's History by HG Wells under the fictitious name Port Burdock, which he describes as "one of three cities grouped around the Port of Burdock naval shipyard "High fantasy writer Neil Gaiman also set his graphic novel Tragic Comedy or Punch Comic Tragedy around Southsea, Gaiman grew up in Portsmouth.A road along the seaside in Southsea is named" The Ocean at the End of the Road "by the city council to honor his novel of the same name.
The famous criminal novels in Portsmouth and the surrounding area include Graham Hurley IN Faraday/DC Ã,/Winter novel season and Tudor CJ Sansom's crime novelty Heartstone , with the latter including references to the famous warship of Mary Rose and a description of Tudor's life in the city. A collection of fantastic short stories, Portsmouth Fairy Tales for Grown Ups , published in 2014. It uses locations around Portsmouth for stories, and includes writing by criminal novelist William Sutton, Diana Bretherick, and others.
Education
The University of Portsmouth was founded in 1992 as a new university of the existing Polytechnic Portsmouth; has 20,000 students on campus by 2016. The university is ranked among the top 100 global universities in the world by April 2015. By 2013, the university has about 23,000 students and over 2500 staff. Some local universities also have the power to award the National Diploma, including Highbury College, specializing in vocational education, and Portsmouth College, which offers a variety of academic programs in the city. Both Admiral Lord Nelson School and Miltoncross Academy were built in the late 1990s to meet the growing demand of the school-age population.
After the cancellation of the national development program for schools, this rebuilding is not working. In 2009, only two schools in the city were rated "inadequate", while 29 of the 63 city schools were considered "no longer good enough" by Ofsted. Before being taken over by Ark Schools and becoming Charter Academy, St. Luke Church of England high school, in terms of GCSE achievement, one of the worst schools in the country. It was also criticized by officials because of its standard of behavior - reports were made of students repeatedly throwing seats at teachers. Since becoming an academy in 2009, schools have increased significantly; 69% of students achieve five GCSEs in grade A * Ã,-C including English and mathematics. The Academy Charter operates an intake policy as a thorough standard setting from its catchment area rather than choosing on a religious background.
There is also an independent school group in the city - the oldest, founded in 1732 by the Portsmouth Mayor, is Portsmouth Grammar School, which has been rated as one of the best private schools in the country. The Portsmouth High School, a member of Girls Day School Trust, is ranked one of the top private schools for girls in the UK by A-level results in 2013. Other independent schools in the city include Mayville High School, founded in 1897, and St. John's College, an independent Catholic boarding school.
Landmarks
Many of the city's former defenses are now museums, or places to hold events. Several Victorian-era fortresses at Portsdown Hill are now sights: Fort Nelson, located on top of Portsdown Hill, is home to the Royal Armories museum. The Tudor era Southsea Castle has a small museum, and many seafront defenses leading to the Round Tower are open to the public. The castle was withdrawn from active service in 1960 and later purchased by the Portsmouth City Council. The southern Barracks of Eastney Royal Marines are now the Royal Marines Museum, and opened to the public under the National Heritage Act of 1983. The museum was awarded a Ã, Â £ 14 million grant from the National Lottery Fund, and is set to Relocate to Portsmouth Historic Dockyard in the year 2019. The birthplace of Charles Dickens on Mile End Terrace, now the Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum. The four-story red brick building became a registered class I building in 1953. Other attractions include the Blue Reef Aquarium, which houses the aquatic underwater life of the UK, and the Cumberland House Natural History Museum, which displaying the various wildlife featured in the area.
Most of the city's landmarks and tourist attractions are linked to the history of its navy. Among the attractions are the D-Day Museum and the adjacent Overlord embroidery in Southsea, which was awarded a grant of Ã, Â £ 4 million by the Heritage Lottery Fund to expand it in time for 2019. The museum's embroidery is 83 meters (272Ã, ft) long, being the longest in the world. The city is home to some of the most famous ships: on the dry dock of Portsmouth Historic Dockyard lies the flagship ship Horatio Nelson, HMSÃ,
Portsmouth's lengthy relationship with the armed forces means having a large number of war memorials around the city, including some at the Royal Navy Museum, and many other memorial collections linked to the Royal Navy in Victoria Park. The Portsmouth Naval Memorial at Southsea Common commemorates 24,591 dead soldiers who lost their lives in the First World War. The memorial was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer and inaugurated by George VI on October 15, 1924. In the center of town, Guildhall Square Cenotaph displays the names of fallen men, and is guarded by machine-gun statues carved by sculptor Charles Jagger.. To the west, the description reads:
The memorial was founded by the people of Portsmouth in a prideful and loving memory of those who were in the glorious morning of their day for the benefit of the British to lose all but England praise. May the eternal light shine upon them.
Portsmouth contains three graves: Kingston, Milton Road, and Highland Road. Kingston Cemetery opened in 1856 and is located on the east side of Fratton. At 52 hectares (21 acres), it is the largest cemetery in the city and has about 400 cemeteries a year. In February 2014, a ceremony was held at the funeral to celebrate the 180th anniversary of the Portsmouth community in Poland. Milton Street Cemetery, about 25 hectares (10 ha), was established on April 8, 1912 and has about 200 cemeteries per year. There is also a crematorium in Portchester.
Gunwharf Quays
The formation of a naval beach, HMS Vernon , contains Navy armaments - guns and ammunition will be taken off the ship as they enter the harbor and will be supplied back as they head out to sea. The 1919 Southsea and Portsmouth Official Guide described the establishment as "the best collection of weapons outside the Tower of London, containing over 25,000 rifles". In the early nineteenth century, Gunwharf Quays provided the fleet with a "huge arsenal" of cannons, mortars, bombs and regulations. Gunpowder was not provided due to security concerns; However, it can be obtained at Pridday's Hard near Gosport. An armory is there to sell small arms to the army, along with a blacksmith and carpenter's shop for armorers. The establishment is run by three officers; a viz (shopkeeper), clerk, and foreman. In 1817, Gunwharf supposedly housed the largest arsenal of navies in the world, employing 5,000 people at the time.
HMS Vernon closed on 1 April 1996 and was rebuilt by Portsmouth City Council as Gunwharf Quays, a mixed housing and retail destination with store outlets, restaurants, pubs and cafes. The construction of the Spinnaker Tower began in 2001 and was completed in the summer of 2005. The project runs overbudget and costs Ã, Â £ 36 Ã, million, whereby the City Council of Portsmouth contributes Ã, Â £ 11 million. The 560-foot (170 m) tower is visible from 23 miles (37 km) on a clear day, and the viewing platform provides views across the Solent towards the Isle of Wight, and north towards the harbor and Southsea Castle. The tower has the largest glass floor in Europe and weighs over 33,000 tonnes (32,000 ton long, 36,000 short tons).
Southsea
Southsea is a seaside resort and residential area located on the southern tip of Portsea Island. The name Southsea comes from Southsea Castle, a seafront castle founded in 1544 by Henry Ã, VIII to help defend the Solent and approach to Portsmouth Harbor. The area was originally developed in 1809 as the "City of Croxton", although in the 1860s, the Southsea suburbs had expanded to provide homes for the working-class people. During this time, Southsea grew up as a beach resort and bathhouse. A pump room and bathhouse were set up near the current Clarence Pier, and a large complex was developed including steam baths, showers, and card games and assembly rooms for holiday visitors.
Clarence Pier was officially opened in 1861 by the Prince and Princess of Wales, and was named after the once-once Portsmouth military governor, Lord Frederick FitzClarence. At the time of its opening, the dock was labeled as "one of the largest amusement parks on the south coast". The South Parade Pier was built in 1878 and is one of 55 private docks left in England. The dock was originally used as a terminal for ferries traveling to the Isle of Wight, but was soon rebuilt as an entertainment center. It had to be rebuilt after the first fire in 1904, and was rebuilt after the second fire in 1967. The third fire struck during the filming of Tommy in 1974, after which it was rebuilt once more. In 2015, plans were introduced to build a "Solent Eye" at the pier, an amusement rides with 24 gondolas that resemble the London Eye, at a cost of Ã, Â £ 750,000.
Southsea is dominated by Southsea Common, a 480-acre grassland (190 ha), which was first created by draining swamps in addition to the construction of a steam bath in 1820. The commonly owed its existence to military demands in the early 19th century for a range of fires that clear. Currently the common lies parallel to the beach from Clarence Pier to Southsea Castle. Today, Common is a popular recreation spot, as well as a venue for a number of annual events, which include carnivals, Christmas markets, and Victoria festivals. The common also has a large collection of mature elm trees, believed to be the oldest and largest surviving in Hampshire, which has escaped Dutch elm disease due to their isolation. Other plants include the Canary Island palm tree Phoenix Phoenixariensis, which is some of the largest in the UK and has produced a viable seed in recent years.
Religion
Portsmouth has two cathedrals: St Thomas's Anglican Cathedral at Old Portsmouth, and St John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Cathedral (the city is one of 34 British neighborhoods with Roman Catholic cathedrals). The first chapel in the city, dedicated to Thomas Becket, was built by Jean de Gantès in the second half of the 12th century. The chapel was rebuilt and developed into a parish church and then the Anglican cathedral. It broke down during the Siege of Portsmouth in 1642, but after the restoration of the tower and nave monarchs was rebuilt. Significant changes were made when the Portsmouth Diocese was founded in 1927. Became a cathedral in 1932, and enlarged, although construction was suspended during the Second World War. The cathedral was consecrated again in the presence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1991.
The Royal Garrison Church was founded in 1212 by Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester. After centuries of decay, it became an ammunition store in 1540. The wedding of Charles Ã,/span> II to Catherine of Braganza took place in the church in 1662. After Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in 1814, a great reception was held in the church. In 1941, a fire bomb fell on the roof, destroying its center. Church chancel was rescued by warriors shortly after the attack; However, replacing a specified roof is not possible due to the large amount of salt solution absorbed by stones over the years.
The Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist was built in 1882 to accommodate the rising Roman Catholic population of Portsmouth, replacing the chapel built in 1796 in the west. Prior to 1791 Roman Catholic churches in borough-billed cities were banned. The chapel opened after the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 was passed and subsequently replaced by the cathedral. The construction was completed in stages: in 1882 the nave was completed; in 1886 the crossing was completed, and the pulpit was ready in 1893, eleven years after its opening. During the attack, the cathedral was badly damaged when the Luftwaffe bombing destroyed Bishop's house next door. Recovered in 1970, 1982, and 2001. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth was founded in 1882 by Pope Leo XIII.
Smaller places of worship in the city include St Ã, Jude Church in Southsea, St. Ã, Mary Church in Portsea, St. Ã, Ann Chapel in the naval base and Portsmouth and Southsea Synagogue, which is one of the oldest synagogues in the UK.
Sports
Portsmouth F.C. playing their home game at Fratton Park. They have won two Football League titles (1949 and 1950) and won the FA Cup in 1939 and 2008. They returned to the Premier League in 2003. In 2010 they were relegated to the Championship, and amid serious financial difficulties in February 2012 , they are subsequently relegated to League One. In 2013 Portsmouth relegated again, this time putting them in League Two, the fourth level of English Football. In April 2013, Portsmouth Ã, F.C. bought by Pompey Suporter Trust, became the biggest fan-owned football club in the history of English Football. In May 2017, Portsmouth F.C. promoted as League Two Champions to League One for the 2017-18 season.
Moneyfields F.C. has been playing in the Wessex Premier League Division since 1998. United Services Portsmouth F.C. (Formerly known as Portsmouth Royal Navy) and Baffins Milton Rovers F.C. both competing in Wessex League Division One, with United Services formed in 1962, and Baffins Milton Rovers established in 2011. The rugby team, the United Services Portsmouth RFC and the Royal Navy Rugby Union, both play their home games at the United Services Recreation Ground in city. Royal Navy Rugby Union plays at the annual Army Navy Match at Twickenham.
Portsmouth hosted first-class cricket at the United Services Recreation Ground from 1882, while from 1895 to 2000 County Cricket Club matches were played there. This arrangement ended in 2000 when Hampshire moved all of their home games to their newly built Rose Cornl cricket ground in the West End. The city is also home to four hockey clubs: City of Portsmouth Hockey Club, based at Langstone Campus University; Portsmouth & amp; Southsea Hockey Club, and Portsmouth Sharks Hockey Club, both based at Admiral Lord Nelson School; and United Services Portsmouth Hockey Club, based in Burnaby Road. The Great Salterns Golf Club, founded in 1926, is an 18-hole garden pitch with two play holes on the Saltern lake. There is also a beach course at Hayling, near the entrance to Langstone Harbor to the east and at Gosport and Stokes Bay Golf Club to the west of Portsmouth Harbor entrance in Gosport. Boxing is a popular past, especially between 1910 and 1960, with a monument established in 2017 to commemorate the city's boxing legacy.
Transportation and communication
Ferry
Portsmouth Harbor has passenger ferry boats to Gosport and the Isle of Wight from Portsmouth International Harbor, with a car ferry service to the Isle of Wight operated by Wightlink located nearby. The UK's oldest commercial hovercraft service, beginning in the 1960s, still runs from nearby Clarence Pier to Ryde, Isle of Wight, operated by Hovertravel. Portsmouth Continental Ferry Port has networks to Caen, Cherbourg-Octeville, St Malo and Le Havre in France, Santander and Bilbao in Spain, and the Channel Islands. The ferry service from the port is operated by Brittany Ferries, Condor Ferries, and LD Lines.
On May 18, 2006, Trasmediterranea started service to Bilbao in competition with P & amp; O that already exists. The service was criticized when the ferry Fortuny was detained in Portsmouth by the Maritime and Coast Guard Agency due to numerous security breaches. The mistake was quickly corrected by TrasmediterrÃÆ'¡nea, and the service was cleared to begin transporting passengers on May 23, 2006. In March 2007, TrasmediterrÃÆ'¡nea drew Bilbao service in no time, citing the need to deploy Fortuny in another place. P & amp; O Ferries suspended their service to Bilbao on September 27, 2010, due to "unsustainable losses". Port is the second busiest ferry port in Britain after Dover, handling about three million passengers per year.
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