A 6.2 earthquake occurred in Christchurch on February 22, 2011 at 12:31 am. local time (23:51 February 21 UTC). The quake struck the Canterbury Region on New Zealand's South Island and was centered 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) west of the port city of Lyttelton, and 10 kilometers (6 mi) southeast of Christchurch center, at the time of New Zealand's second most populous city. The quake caused extensive damage in Christchurch, killing 185 people in the country's fifth most deadly disaster.
Christchurch's main city and eastern suburbs are severely affected, with damage to buildings and infrastructure already weakened by the 7.1 magnitude quake of Canterbury on September 4, 2010 and its aftershocks. Significant liquefaction affects the eastern fringe, generating about 400,000 tons of mud. Earthquakes are felt on the South Island and part of the North Island's lower and middle parts. While the initial quake lasted only about 10 seconds, severe damage due to the location and shallowness of earthquake focus in relation to Christchurch as well as previous earthquake damage. The subsequent population loss sees Christchurch's main urban area behind Wellington which is equivalent to a decline from the second to the three most populous areas in New Zealand.
Video 2011 Christchurch earthquake
Korban
185 people from more than 20 countries were killed in the earthquake. More than half of the deaths occurred in the six-story television building (CTV), which collapsed and burned in an earthquake. The local emergency was initially declared by the Mayor of Christchurch, who was replaced when the government declared a national emergency, which remains valid until April 30, 2011.
Of the 185 victims, 115 people were killed in the Canterbury Television building alone, while 18 others were killed in the collapse of PGC Homes, and eight were killed when the couple crashed in Red Bus number 702 on Colombo Street. In each of these cases, collapsed buildings were known to have been severely damaged in an earthquake in September 2010 but local authorities have permitted buildings to be re-occupied (CTV and PGC buildings) or adjacent protective barriers with them moving closer to the area -area. at risk of falling debris (Colombo Street). Another 28 people were killed in various places in the city center, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch. Because the injuries suffered by several bodies remain unidentified. Between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries, and Christchurch Hospital handled 220 cases of major earthquake-related trauma. The rescue attempt continues for more than a week, then switches to recovery mode. The last victim was withdrawn from the rubble the day after the earthquake.
The nationality of the deceased is as follows.
Maps 2011 Christchurch earthquake
Damage and effects
Damage to roads and bridges occurs and hampers rescue efforts. Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occur. The road surface is forced by liquefaction, and water and sand spew out of the crack. A number of cars were destroyed by fallen debris. In the city center, two buses were destroyed by falling buildings. As the quake struck during lunch, several people on the path were buried by collapsed buildings.
The middle city
Damage occurs in many old buildings, especially those with unburned bricks and those built before a strong earthquake code is introduced. On February 28, 2011, the Prime Minister announced that there would be an investigation into the collapse of buildings that had been signed as safe after the previous quake on September 4, 2010, "to provide answers to people about why so many people lost their lives."
Of the 3,000 buildings examined on four streets from the city center on March 3, 2011, 45% have been given a red or yellow sticker to restrict access due to security concerns. Many historic buildings were given a red sticker after being examined. In February 2015, there were 1240 destructions on four roads since the September 2010 earthquake.
The six-story Canterbury (CTV) television building collapsed in the quake, leaving only the shaft of its lifter up, which was on fire. 115 people were killed in the building, which housed a TV station, medical clinic, and English school. On February 23 the police decided that the damage was insurmountable, and the rescue effort in the building was suspended. The operation of the fire extinguisher and restoration of the night, followed by the Japanese search and rescue team. Twelve Japanese students from Toyama Foreign Language College died at the collapsed building. A government report later found that the construction of the building was wrong and should not be approved.
The four-story Pyne Gould Guinness (PGC) house in Cambridge Terrace, the headquarters of the Pyne Gould Corporation, collapsed, with 18 victims. On Wednesday morning, 22 hours after the quake, a survivor was pulled from the wreckage. The reinforced concrete buildings have been built in 1963-1964.
The Forsyth Barr Building survived the quake but many residents were trapped after the collapse of the stairs, forcing some people down after the quake. The search for a building is technically difficult for a USAR team, which requires deconstruction of a 4-ton set of stairs, but the building was cleaned up without any casualties found.
The earthquake destroyed the tower of ChristChurch Cathedral and part of the tower, and damaged the remaining structures of the building. The rest of the towers were destroyed in March 2012. The western wall collapsed in the June 2011 earthquake and December 2011 earthquake as a steel structure - meant to stabilize the rose window - propelled it into the Anglican Church deciding to demolish the build and replace it with a new structure - a decision that became controversial in Christchurch post earthquake. Groups are opposed to the Church's intentions, with actions including taking the case to court. In January 2015, the assessment largely supported the Church, with another pending decision. No demolition has occurred since the lifting of the tower in early 2012. Since August 15, 2013 the cathedral congregation has worshiped at Cardboard Cathedral.
Christchurch Hospital was partly evacuated due to damage in some areas, but remained open throughout to treat the wounded.
On February 23, the Grand Chancellor Hotel, Christchurch's tallest hotel, is reportedly on the verge of collapse. The 26-story building was replaced by half a meter in an earthquake and had descended 1 meter on one side; the emergency stairs collapsed. The building is considered damaged and potentially destroying another building if it falls; the area of ​​a two-block radius around the hotel is thus evacuated. The building was finally stabilized and, on March 4 it was decided that the building would be dismantled for the next six months, so further work could be done with nearby buildings. The demolition is completed in May 2012. The 21-storey PricewaterhouseCoopers building, the highest office tower in the city, is one of the office buildings to be demolished.
Carlton Hotel, a listed heritage building, is undergoing repair after the earthquake in September 2010 when the February 2011 earthquake damaged the building further. It was considered unstable and destroyed in April 2011. St. Elmo Courts was damaged in the September 2010 earthquake and its owners intend to repair the building, but further damage caused by the events of February 2011 resulted in the decision to destroy, which was carried out the following month.
The historic Canterbury Province Council building was heavily damaged, with Stone Chamber completely collapsing.
The second Christchurch City Council civil office building, Our City, had been damaged in the September earthquake and was very strong after the February event.
The Civic, the House's third Board, was heavily damaged in February and will be destroyed. Both Kota Kami and Civic are on the list of New Zealand's Trust of Historic Sites.
The Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament is also badly damaged, with the tower falling. The decision was made to remove the dome as the supporting structure weakened.
Other churches suffered serious damage, including: Presbyterian Church of Knox, St. Luke's Anglican Church, Durham Street Methodist Church, St Paul's Church-Trinity-Pacific Presbyterian Church, Oxford Street Baptist Church, Holy Trinity Avonside, and Holy Trinity, Lyttelton. The Sydenham Heritage Church and the Beckenham Baptist Church were heavily damaged, and then destroyed a few days after the earthquake. Construction of concrete blocks fared badly, leaving behind many damaged modern iconic buildings.
Suburbs
On March 7, Prime Minister John Key said that about 10,000 homes need to be dismantled, and the liquefaction damage meant that some parts of Christchurch could not be rebuilt.
- Lyttelton
Buildings in Lyttelton suffered extensive damage, with firefighters reporting that 60% of buildings on the main roads have been severely damaged. Two people were killed on local pedestrian lanes after being hit by rocks. The city's historic Timeball station was heavily damaged, adding to the damage caused by the previous quake in September 2010. The station collapsed on June 13, 2011 after a massive 6.4 magnitude earthquake. In 2013, it was announced that the tower and the ball would be restored, and the funds had to be sought from the community to rebuild the rest of the station.
- Sumner
Landslides occur in Sumner, destroying buildings. Part of Sumner was evacuated on the night of February 22 after a rift was discovered on the nearby hillside. Three deaths were reported in Sumner area, according to Sumner Chief Fire Officer. The Shag Rock, a famous landmark, is reduced to half of its original height.
- Redcliffs
Unlike the September 2010 earthquake, Redcliffs and the surrounding hills were severely damaged. The cliffs behind the Redcliffs School collapsed into the houses below. Large boulders are found on the damaged lawn of the house.
Twelve roads in Redcliffs were evacuated on the night of February 24, 2015 after some cliffs and hills around Redcliffs were considered unstable.
Beyond Christchurch
The quake was felt in the north as far as Tauranga and as far south as Invercargill, where 111 emergency networks were not working.
In Tasman Glacier about 200 kilometers (120 miles) from the epicenter, about 30 million tons (33 million ST) of ice fell from glaciers to Lake Tasman, crashing into a tourist boat with a 3.5-meter (11 feet) tsunami waves.
KiwiRail reports that TranzAlpine's service ends in Greymouth and TranzCoastal ends up in Picton. TranzAlpine was canceled until March 4, to allow personnel resources to be transferred to the repair and associated infrastructure, and move important items to Christchurch, while TranzCoastal was canceled until mid-August. KiwiRail also delayed the 14th of March of its Interislander Aratere ferry departure to Singapore for a 30 meters (98 feet) extension and refit before the 2011 Rugby World Cup. With the movement of passengers and extra goods above the Cook Straits after the earthquake, the company will be able to cope with only two vessels operating on a reduced schedule so soon after the earthquake, thus pushing back the departure to the end of April.
The quake combined with the urgency created by the breakup of sea ice at Ross Ice Shelf in the spring caused logistical problems with the return of Antarctic's summer research operations from Scott Base and McMurdo Station in Antarctica to Christchurch.
Population loss
In the year to June 2011, Christchurch residents have fallen by 8,900 people or 2.4% of the population, with annual annual population growth of 1%. It is estimated that 10,600 people moved from Christchurch, with a difference of 1,700 people with loss of population explained through several people who moved to Christchurch. Statistics New Zealand expects Christchurch population growth rates to return to pre-earthquake levels. The surrounding districts, Selwyn and Waimakariri, have two of the three highest growth rates in New Zealand, respectively at 2.2% and 1.6%.
In October 2008, Christchurch's main urban population, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, for the first time exceeds the Wellington equivalent (at 386,100 versus 386,000), making Christchurch the second largest city in New Zealand (after Auckland). The population loss caused by the earthquake reverses this, with Wellington's main urban area back in second. Statistics definitions of New Zealand's major urban areas for Christchurch include Kaiapoi, which includes the Waimakariri District, and Prebbleton, which belongs to the Selwyn District. Porirua, Upper Hutt, and Lower Hutt, all outside the Wellington City Council area, are included in the main urban definitions of Wellington. Just looking at territorial territory alone, ie excluding urban areas from other districts, Christchurch continues to have a much larger population in Wellington.
Geology
An earthquake of 6.3 on the Richter scale may be aftershocks of the Canterbury 7.4 magnitude earthquake on September 4, 2010. New Zealand's GNS Science has stated that earthquakes are part of subsequent aftershocks that have occurred since the September 7.1 magnitude earthquake, but an earthquake expert from Geoscience Australia considered it a separate event given its location on a separate fault. According to GNS Science seismologist, the energy released in Christchurch is equivalent to an earthquake of 6.7 â € <â € Though smaller in the magnitude of the 2010 earthquake, the February earthquake was more destructive and deadly for a number of reasons. The epicenter is closer to Christchurch, and shallower at 5 kilometers (3 mi) underground, while the September quake is measured at a depth of 10 kilometers (6 mi). The February earthquake occurred at lunchtime on weekdays when the CBD was busy, and many buildings were already weakened from previous quakes. Peak soil acceleration (PGA) is very high, and simultaneous vertical and horizontal soil movement is "almost impossible" for buildings to survive intact. The disbursement is significantly larger than the 2010 earthquake, causing upwelling of over 200,000 tonnes of silt that needs to be cleaned. Increased liquefaction leads to significant ground movements, damaging many foundations and destroying infrastructure, the damage that "may be the largest ever recorded anywhere in a modern city". 80% of water and sewage systems are heavily damaged.
GNS Science states that the quake emerged from the eruption of 8 km x 8 km east of the sea at a depth of 1-2 km below the southern edge of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and declined to the south with an angle of about 65 degrees. from horizontal below Port Hills. "
While the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occurred in "blind" or unknown errors, the New Zealand Earthquake Commission has, in its 1991 report, estimated a moderate earthquake in Canterbury with possibly related liquefaction.
- Intensity
The intensity felt in Christchurch is MM VIII. Acceleration of the top of the ground (PGA) in central Christchurch exceeds 1.8 times g (/1.8 times the acceleration of gravity), with the highest listing of 2.2 g , in the Elementary School Valley Heathcote, shaking intensity equivalent to MM X. This is the highest PGA ever recorded in New Zealand; the highest reading during the events of September 2010 was 1.26 g , which was recorded near Darfield. PGA is also one of the largest land accelerations ever recorded in the world, and is very high for 6.3 earthquakes. and the highest in the vertical direction. The central business district (CBD) experiences PGAs in the range of 0.574 and 0.802 g . In contrast, an earthquake of 7.0 M w 2010 is estimated to have a PGA 0.5 g . Acceleration occurs mainly in the vertical direction, with eyewitnesses of people being thrown into the air. Upward (positive acceleration) is greater than down, which has a maximum recording of 0.9 g ; the maximum recorded horizontal acceleration is 1.7 g The seismic strength was "statistically unlikely" to occur more than once in 1000 years, according to a seismic engineer, with PGA larger than many modern buildings designed for last. Despite subsurface rupture, satellite images show that the net transfer of soil to the south of the fracture is 50 cm to the west and up; the movement of the ground will be greater during the earthquake. Ground movement varies around the region horizontally - in both east and west - and vertically; Port Hills is raised up to 40 cm.
An earthquake is a "strike-slip event with oblique movement" that causes most of the horizontal movement with some vertical movement, with a back impulse that causes upward vertical movement. Vertical acceleration is much larger than horizontal acceleration.
New Zealand building codes currently require buildings with a design life of 50 years to withstand the predicted load of 500-year events. Initial reports by GNS Science suggest that ground motion "far exceeds even the design movement of 2500 years", beyond the maximum perceived event (MCE). In comparison, the 2010 earthquake - where most damage occurred in buildings in the 1970s - used 65% loading of designs on buildings. Acceleration experienced in February 2011 will "flatten" most of the world's cities, causing massive loss of life; in Christchurch, New Zealand's strict building regulations limit the disaster. There is also the possibility that "seismic lenses" contribute to soil effects, with seismic waves bouncing back from the hard basalt of Port Hills back into town. Geologists report liquefaction is worse than the 2010 earthquake.
aftershock
The earthquake produced a series of significant aftershocks, many of which were considered great for the 6.3 earthquake. More than 361 aftershocks occurred in the first week after the 6.3-magnitude quake.
- The biggest one is the 5.9 magnitude tremor that occurs just under two hours after the main earthquake.
- The aftershock was 5.3 on April 16, the largest for several weeks, causing further damage, including power cuts and several falling rocks.
- Follow-up shock from a 5.3-magnitude Greendale Fault hit the region on May 10, 2011. Cut electricity to homes and businesses for several minutes and cause further damage to buildings in the city center. No deaths or injuries were reported. It feels as far as Dunedin and Greymouth.
- On June 6, a large aftershock measuring 5.5 on the Richter scale occurred and was felt as far as Kaikoura and Oamaru.
- A series of aftershocks occurred on June 13th. Tremor 5.7 on the Richter scale is felt at 1 pm NZT, with a depth of 9 km, the epicenter at Taylors Mistake. A 6.3 tremor occurred over an hour later, with a depth of 6 km, located 10 km east of the city. Power is cut to around 54,000 homes, with further damage and liquefaction in already weakened areas. The Lyttelton Timeball Station collapsed and the Christchurch Cathedral suffered more damage. At least 46 people were reported injured. This was followed by a magnitude 5.4 earthquake at a depth of 8 km and centered 10 km southwest of Christchurch at 10:34 pm on June 21, 2011.
Below is a list of all the aftershocks of Richter, the moment, and the magnitude of the body waves of 5.0 and above that occurred in the region between 22 February 2011 and 15 January 2012.
Emergency management
Immediately after the earthquake, 80% of Christchurch without electricity. Water and sewage services are disrupted throughout the city, with authorities urging residents to conserve water and collect rainwater. Prime Minister John Key confirmed that, "All Civil Defense procedures have now been activated; the Civil Defense bunker in parliament operates here in Wellington." New Zealand's second time announced a national civil defense emergency; the first chance was a 1951 seabed dispute. The New Zealand Red Cross launched an appeal to raise funds to help the victims. The full response management structure came into effect within minutes of the earthquake, with an alternative to the reinvigorated Christchurch City Emergency Center at the City Art Gallery and Emergency Coordination Center (CDC) The Regional CDM Group Coordination Center (ECC) was activated in post-earthquake operational facilities adjacent to the office of the Regional Council of Canterbury. In two hours the national coordination of the earthquake operates from the National Crisis Management Center located in the basement at Beehive in Wellington.
A combined "Christchurch Response Center" was established at the Christchurch Art Gallery, a modern earthquake-resistant building in the city center that only suffered minor damage. On February 23, Civil Defense Minister John Carter declared a state of national emergency, the first country for civil defense emergency (the only other one for a 1951 seabird dispute). Meanwhile, the Canterbury ECC Group ECC has moved to the fully operational University of Canterbury Innovation (UCi3) building to the west of the city, when the Copthorne Hotel adjacent to the Regional Council office threatened to fall into office and the ECC. After the combined Christchurch Coordination Center was established on February 23rd, the CDEM Group Controller and the ECC personnel moved to the City Art Gallery to complement the management personnel available to the National Controller.
In accordance with the New Zealand Regular Management Incident Regulatory Protocol, the Emergency Defense Management Act, and the National Civil Defense Emergency Management Plan and Guide, the Civil Defense Emergency Management becomes the main agent - with the Director of the Department of Civil Defense & Emergency Management John Hamilton as National Controller. CDEM is supported by local authorities, New Zealand Police, Fire Department, Defense Force and many other institutions and organizations.
Gerry Brownlee, a Cabinet Minister, has his regular portfolio distributed among other cabinet ministers so he can focus only on earthquake recovery.
Establishment of Red Zone
The Red Zone of the City Center was established on the day of the earthquake as a public expenditure zone in the center of Christchurch. Both COGIC, French Civil Protection and USGS requested the activation of the International Charter on the Great Space and Disaster on behalf of MCDEM New Zealand, thus easily providing satellite imagery for relief and rescue services.
Police
Christchurch police are equipped with staff and resources from across the country, along with a contingent of 323 Australian police contingents, who were sworn in as New Zealand Police on their arrival, bringing the number of city officials to 1,200. they received a standing ovation from the locals who appreciated as they walked through Christchurch Airport on arrival. Along with routine duties, police provide security guards, organized evacuations, support search and rescue teams, missing persons and family connections, and organized media briefing and tours to affected areas. They also provided forensic analysis and evidence gathering at the victims and Victims of Disaster Victim team (DVI), in collaboration with pathologists, dentists and forensic scientists, and coroners at the emergency morgue established at Burnham Military Camp. They are assisted by DVI teams from Australia, the UK, Thailand Taiwan and Israel.
Search and save
New Zealand's Firefighting Service coordinates search and rescue, with support from the Urban Search and Rescue team (USAR) from New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore, with a total of 150 personnel from New Zealand and 429 from abroad. They also responded to fires, reports of serious structural damage, and landslides that worked with structural engineers, earthquake experts and geologists, as well as construction workers, crane operators and excavators and demolitionists.
NSW Task Force 1, a team of 72 search and rescue specialists from New South Wales, Australia, was sent to Christchurch with two RAAF C-130 Hercules, arriving 12 hours after the earthquake. The second team of 70 people from Queensland, Queensland 1 Task Force, (including three sniffer dogs), was sent the next day aboard the RAAF C-17. A team of 55 members of the Disaster Relief and Rescue Team from the Singapore Civil Defense Force were sent. The United States sends Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2, a 74-member rescue team composed of firefighters and paramedics from the Los Angeles County Fire Department, doctors, engineers and 26 tons of pre-packaged rescue equipment. Japan sent 70 search and rescue personnel including specialists from coast guard, police and firefighters, as well as three sniffer dogs. The team left New Zealand earlier than planned due to the 9.0 earthquake that struck Japan on March 11, 2011. The UK sent 53 search and rescue teams including nine Welsh firefighters who had helped the rescue effort during the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Taiwan sent a team 22 members from the National Fire Agency, along with two tons of search and rescue equipment specialists. China sent a 10-member specialist rescue team.
Strength of defense
The New Zealand Defense Force - conducting its largest operations in New Zealand - provides logistics, equipment, transportation, air, evacuation, shipping supplies and equipment, Port and port surveys, and support to agents, including food; they assisted the Police with security, and provided humanitarian assistance primarily to Lyttelton, who was isolated from the city in the early days. More than 1400 Army, Navy and Air Force personnel were involved, and Territorial (Army Reserve) was summoned. They were equipped by 116 soldiers from the Singapore Army, in Christchurch for training exercises at the time of the earthquake, which helped in city guarding.
The New Zealand Air Force provides an air bridge between Christchurch and Wellington using two Boeing 757s and three C-130 Hercules, and brings crew and emergency equipment and evacuates North Islanders and tourists out of Christchurch. One P-3 Orion was deployed in the early stages of the disaster to provide pictures and photographs of the city. Three RNZAF Bell helicopters UH-1H Iroquois are also used to transport Police, VIP and aid to locations around Christchurch. Three Beechcraft Super King Air RNZAF planes were also used to evacuate people from Christchurch. The Canterbury Navy crew, at the Lyttelton harbor during the earthquake, provided food for the 1,000 people displaced in the city, and accommodation for a small number of locals. The Australian Air Force is also assisted by an air lift. On one of their trips, Hercules RAAF suffered minor damage due to aftershocks.
The army also operates a desalination plant to provide water to the eastern suburbs.
Medical services
The Christchurch Hospital emergency department treated 231 patients within an hour of the earthquake. The department responded to the situation by activating their crisis plan, forming 20 teams of trauma. After the decline in demand, a second wave of patients began to arrive, many with far more severe injuries. The staff are grateful that they should not use triage, but are able to handle all patients.
A 75-bed field hospital set up in the eastern suburbs was badly affected on 24 February. It is equipped to provide triage, emergency care, maternity, dental care, isolation tents for gastroenteritis, and to provide primary care as most general practices in the area can not be opened.
Australian foreign minister Kevin Rudd told Sky News that New Zealand Foreign Minister Murray McCully had requested further assistance from Australia. He said Australia would send a counselor and disaster relief medical team consisting of 23 emergency and operations personnel.
Humanitarian and welfare services
Humanitarian support and welfare is provided by various institutions, in particular the New Zealand Red Cross and Salvation Army. Welfare centers and support networks are established throughout the city. Several government departments and church groups provide grants and assistance. Some residents leave for several days without formal contact, so neighbors are encouraged to pay attention to those around them. Official visit teams are organized by Civil Defense and there are engineers or assessors from EQC. The search-and-rescue organization of all-volunteers, LandSAR, mobilized 530 people to town to conduct welfare checks. During the week, the LandSAR team visited 67,000 places.
Infrastructure and services
The 66 kV subtransmission cable supplies Dallington and New Brighton zone substations from damaged Bromley Transpower substations, requiring the installation of a temporary 66 kV overhead path from Bromley to Dallington and Bromley to New Brighton to get electricity to the eastern suburbs. Power has been restored to 82% of households in five days, and up to 95% within two weeks.
Response
On the day of the earthquake, Prime Minister John Key said that February 22, "... may be the darkest day of New Zealand", and Christchurch Mayor Bob Parker warned that New Zealand "will be presented with statistics that will be bleak".
Generators donated, and telephone companies set up emergency communications and free calls. The army provides a desalination plant, and supplies bottles sent by volunteers and companies. With limited water supplies for firefighters, a total fire ban was introduced, and the fire department brought water tankers from other centers. Major water supplies were re-established for 70% of households in one week. Sewage and sewage systems are heavily damaged. Thousands of portaloos and chemical toilets from all over New Zealand and abroad are brought to the city. Community cleansing was established in the affected suburbs. Portable shower units are also set up in the eastern suburbs.
Thousands of people helped with the cleanup effort - which involved the removal of over 200,000 tonnes of liquefaction liquefies - including the Student Volunteer Army Canterbury University made in response to the September earthquake and the Federation's "Farmer Army". "Rangiora Earthquake Express" provides over 250 tons of water, medical supplies, and food, including hot food, from nearby Rangiora by helicopter and truck.
International support offers
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard offers Australia assistance. The Australian government also promised A $ 5 million (NZ $ 6.7 million) for the Red Cross Appeal. On March 1, it was announced that the New South Wales Government would donate A $ 1 million (NZ $ 1.3 million) to victims of the Christchurch earthquake.
The UN and the EU offer assistance. Kamalesh Sharma, Commonwealth Secretary General, sent a message of support to the Prime Minister and declared "our hearts and sorrows soon went to the bereaved." He added that the "thoughts and prayers" of the Commonwealth were with New Zealanders, and Christchurch in particular.
Sixty-six Japanese USAR members and three specialist seeker and rescue dogs arrived in Christchurch within two days of the February earthquake. They began working immediately in a multi-agency response to the collapse of the CTV Building on Madras Road. Many people trapped in the building are Japanese language students and other foreign students.
Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper released a statement saying: "The thoughts and prayers of Canadians along with all those affected by the earthquake Canada is ready to provide possible assistance to New Zealand in response to this natural disaster."
David Cameron, British Prime Minister, issued a statement and sent an SMS text message to the Commonwealth's prime minister. In his official statement, he commented that the loss of lives "horrible" and "the thought and prayers of the English people with them".
Ban Ki-Moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, issued a statement on behalf of the United Nations expressing its "deep sadness" and emphasized "the UN's readiness to contribute to its efforts in whatever way it needs."
China gave US $ 500,000 for earthquake appeal, and Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao expressed deep condolences to New Zealand. Twenty Chinese students were reported missing after the quake.
Other support messages
The Queen said that she was "really surprised" and "her thoughts with all the affected". His son and heir to the New Zealand throne, The Prince of Wales, also told the New Zealand governor-general and prime minister: "My wife and I were horrified when we heard the news earlier this morning... The scale of all destruction except against beliefs when we can appreciate very well how difficult it must be to struggle to achieve understanding with horror last year... Our deepest sympathies and constant thoughts are with you and all New Zealanders. "
Barack Obama, President of the United States, issued a statement from the White House Press Office about the disaster by way of an official announcement that "On behalf of the American people, Michelle and I extend our deepest condolences to the people of New Zealand and to our family and friends in Christchurch, who have suffered a second major earthquake in just six months... As our New Zealand friends move forward, hopefully they find some comfort and power in knowing that they will have lasting friendships and support of many partners around the world, including the United States. The President also made a call to Prime Minister Key.
Pope Benedict XVI issued an announcement about the earthquake in a statement during Wednesday's audience on February 23, stating that he is praying for the dead and injured from the devastating earthquake, and encouraging those involved in the rescue effort.
Fundraising and charitable activities
Sports events are held to raise money, such as the "Fill the Basin" cricket game at the Basin Reserve, featuring former New Zealand international All Blacks and actor of The Hobbit, who raised more than $ 500,000.
New Zealand cricket team captain Daniel Vettori puts his personal memorabilia for auction.
All Black Sonny Bill Williams and Sky Television both made a major contribution from Williams's fourth boxing match dubbed "The Clash For Canterbury".
Several charity concerts were held in New Zealand and abroad including previously unscheduled visits to New Zealand by the American rock group Foo Fighters, which performed the Christchurch benefit concert in Auckland on March 22, 2011. Local jazz flute player Miho Wada formed the Miho Jazz Orchestra ensemble to raise money for recovery efforts.
Warning service
A national memorial ceremony was held on March 18 at North Hagley Park, coinciding with a one-time vacation in the province for Canterbury, which requires the issuance of the 2011 Canterbury Earthquake Warning Day to legislate. Prince William, traveled two days to the country to tour the earthquake-affected areas, attended on behalf of the Queen and made an address during the service. New Zealand's Governor General Sir Anand Satyanand was present, along with John Key, Bob Parker, and a number of local and international officials. Official Australian delegations include Governor-General Quentin Bryce, Prime Minister Julia Gillard, and Opposition Leader Tony Abbott.
Commission of Inquiry
In March 2011, the government established the Canterbury Earthquake Commission of Canterbury to report on the causes of building failures due to earthquakes and the adequacy of building codes and other standards for buildings in New Zealand's Central Business District. The Commission examined issues with special reference to Canterbury Television (CTV), Pyne Gould Corporation (PGC), Forsyth Barr, and Grand Chancellor Hotel. This does not include an investigation into questions of responsibility, earthquake search and rescue efforts, and rebuilding the city.
The commission is chaired by Supreme Court Judge Mark Cooper with the support of two other Commissioners, engineers Sir Ron Carter and Professor Richard Fenwick. They take into account the technical investigations undertaken by the Department of Buildings and Housing.
The investigation began in April 2011 and completed in November 2012. The Royal Commission made a total of 189 recommendations and found that the Canterbury Television building should not be granted a building permit by the Christchurch City Council.
Recovery
The Canterbury Quake Recovery Authority
On March 29, 2011, Prime Minister John Key and Christchurch Mayor Bob Parker announced the creation of the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Agency (CERA) to manage the earthquake recovery, in collaboration with the government, local councils and residents, under chief executive John Ombler.
Housing
With about 10,000 homes in need of demolition and over 100,000 damaged, plans were developed for medium term interim housing. Approximately 450 fully serviced car homes will be located in locations throughout the city including Canterbury Farm Park and Riccarton Racetrack. The Department of Buildings and Housing also released plans for the construction of 500 modular homes. While emergency repairs are made on houses damaged by Fletcher Construction, the rebuilding will be delayed by the need for full land assessment, with the possibility that some of the worst affected areas in the eastern suburbs may need to be abandoned due to soil and severe depression. disbursement, with residents offering relocation to new subdivisions under their EQC insurance policy.
Schools and universities
On the day of the earthquake, the junior high school union, the Association of Master's Teachers, had arranged a paid union meeting to be held that afternoon for members in the Christchurch area. This meant that most high schools in the city had closed early that day and most of the students had returned home before the earthquake struck, incidentally limiting the potential of victims.
University of Canterbury was partially reopened on March 14, 2011, with many lectures held in tents and tents while work was done in university buildings. All courses are expected to resume on March 28, with plans for April breaks shortened by two weeks to make up for lost time.
The Earthquake Digital Archive Program UC CEISMIC Canterbury was founded in 2011 by Professor of the University of Canterbury, Paul Millar. This is a project of the Digital Humanities department, with the aim of preserving the knowledge, memories and earthquake experiences of people in the Canterbury region.
163 primary and secondary schools were affected by the quake, mostly closed for three weeks; 90 had full structural permits and was able to reopen, 24 had reports showing further appraisal and 11 suffered serious damage. A site-sharing plan was created to allow affected schools to be relocated, while 9 "learning centers" were established throughout the city to provide resources and support for students who needed to work from home. Some students moved to another center - on March 5, as many as 4879 Christchurch students have enrolled in another school in New Zealand. Wanaka Elementary School itself has received 115 new enrollments when the Christchurch family moved to their holiday home in the city.
Due to the extensive damage of a number of secondary schools, many were forced to share with others, allowing one school to use the land in the morning and the other in the afternoon. This includes Shirley Boys High School sharing with Papanui High School, Linwood School sharing with Cashmere Secondary School and sharing Avonside Girls High School with Burnside High School and Marian College sharing with St Bedes College and an unlimited Paenga Tawhiti sharing with Halswell Residential College. Linwood College and Shirley Boys 'High School moved back to their original site on August 1 (the first day of Term 3) and September 13, 2011. Avonside Girls' High School returned to its original site in early 2012. Marian College did not return to its original site in Shirley but moved to a site at Cathedral College on Barbadoes Street. Unlimited Tawhiti Paenga can not return to the downtown buildings because of its destruction and has no long-term location.
In September 2012, the Minister of Education Hekia Parata announced plans to close and/or merge schools permanently due to falling number of reels and damage caused by the earthquake. The proposal was strongly criticized for relying on misinformation, leading a school, Phillipstown Primary, to seek a review of the proposed merger with Woolston Primary. The court then decided to support Phillipstown and cancel the merger. The plan was confirmed in February 2013, with seven schools closed, 10 schools joining five (excluding the overthrow of Phillipstown-Woolston), and three secondary schools taking an additional year.
More impact
Distractions in sports
Christchurch is set to host five swimming matches and two World Rugby Cup quarterfinals in 2011. The International Rugby Council and New Zealand Rugby World Cup organizer announced in March 2011 that the city will not be able to host World Cup matches. The quarter-final was moved to Auckland.
New Zealand Cricket Office was damaged by the earthquake. Some matches have to be rescheduled. The Super Rugby Round 2 game between the Crusaders and the Hurricanes scheduled for February 26, 2011 at Westpac Stadium in Wellington is abandoned. The first two home games of The Crusaders this season, originally played in Christchurch, were transferred to Trafalgar Park in Nelson. The Crusaders played their entire home schedule from Christchurch. In the ANZ Netball Championship, the earthquake caused significant damage to the main premises of Canterbury Tactix homes, the CBS Canterbury Arena, and franchise headquarters in Queen Elizabeth II Park. The team's third-round match against Northern Mystics in Auckland was postponed, while their four-round home game against the Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic was transferred to the Energy Events Center in Rotorua. AMI Stadium will host ANZAC rugby league tests, however, on March 4 announced the match will be moved to Skilled Park on the Gold Coast. The Canterbury Rugby League cancels their pre-season competition. 2011 Inter Dominion harness racing series is scheduled to be held at Addington Raceway in March and April but this series is even contested in Auckland. The public tribune in Addington was later destroyed due to damage from earthquakes and aftershocks.
Economic impact
In April 2013, the Government estimates the total cost of rebuilding will reach $ 40 billion, up from an earlier estimate of $ 30 billion. Some economists expect to take the New Zealand economy 50 to 100 years to recover fully. Earthquakes are the most damaging in earthquakes throughout the year affecting the Christchurch area. It was followed by a major aftershock on June 13 (which caused considerable additional damage) and a series of major shocks on December 23, 2011.
Finance Minister Bill English suggested that the impact of the 2011 earthquake would likely be more expensive than the earthquake in September 2010. The suggestion is that the 2011 earthquake was a "new event" and EQC reinsurance protection already existed after the previous 2010 event. The New Zealand Earthquake Commission (EQC), a government organization, levies policyholders to cover most of the earthquake risk. EQC further limits its own risk by taking cover with a number of major reinsurance companies, such as Munich Re.
EQC paid the first $ 1.5 billion in claims, and the reinsurance company was responsible for all amounts between NZ $ 1.5 billion and NZ $ 4 billion. EQC once again covers all amounts above NZ $ 4 billion. EQC chief executive Ian Simpson said that $ 4 billion cap for each quake could not be exceeded by the cost of housing construction and land improvement, so $ 3 billion will be left in EQC's Natural Disaster Fund after the payment.
Claims from the 2010 shocks are estimated at NZ $ 2.75-3.5 billion. Prior to the 2010 earthquake, EQC had funds of NZ $ 5.93 billion according to the 2010 EQC Annual Report, with NZ $ 4.43 billion remaining before the 2011 earthquake, after discharging NZ $ 1.5 billion.
A domestic EQC closing entitles the holder up to NZ $ 100,000 plus tax (GST) for each occupancy, with further amounts paid by the insurance company policyholder. For personal effects, EQC pays NZ $ 20,000 tax plus first tax. It also includes soil damage within 8 meters of the house; this coverage has not been closed.
Commercial properties are not insured by EQC, but by private insurance companies. This insurance company bears their commercial losses to reinsurance, which will bear the burden of this claim. JPMorgan Chase & amp; Co said the total overall losses associated with this quake may be US $ 12 billion. That would make it the third most expensive earthquake event in history, following the 2011 and 1994 Japanese earthquakes in California.
Earthquake Recovery Minister Gerry Brownlee said that fewer claims are expected through the EQC than 2010. In the 2010 quake, 180,000 claims were processed as opposed to the estimated 130,000 claims for aftershocks in 2011. The total number of claims for the two events was expected to be 250,000, Brownlee explained that many of the claims were "overlapping".
Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) announced it would be the largest single event they have paid, with an estimated 7,500 injury claims costing more than $ 200 million.
On March 2, 2011, John Key said he expected interest rate cuts to deal with the earthquake. The reaction to the statement sent the New Zealand dollar down.
In January 2013, Earthquake Recovery Minister Gerry Brownlee said the repair of damaged homes to date has reached more than $ 1 billion.
A KPMG survey in March 2013 suggested as much as $ 1.5 billion could be sucked from rebuilding in fraud.
In March 2013, a researcher at the University of Canterbury said after the quake, the population - especially women - turned to comfortable food and began eating unhealthily.
Cancellation of the 2011 census
New Zealand statistics chief executive Geoff Bascand announced on Feb. 25 that the national census planned for March 8, 2011 would not occur due to disruption and displacement of people in the Canterbury region, as well as the damage suffered by Statistics New Zealand buildings in Christchurch, which scheduled to process many censuses. Cancellation required the amendment of the 1975 Statistics Act, which legally requires a census to be taken every five years. The Governor-General should also revoke his earlier statement of the date of the census. This is the third time the census has been canceled in New Zealand; another occasion occurred in 1931, due to the Great Depression, and in 1941 due to World War II. Most of the NZ $ 90 million fee from the 2011 census was abolished. Census finally suspended until March 5, 2013.
Mental health
Negative mental health impact
The Christchurch earthquake of 2011 has an extensive mental health impact on the population. Research after the Christchurch earthquake has shown that increased exposure to damage and trauma from natural disasters is correlated with increased depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Those most exposed most suffered from mental health deficits, compared with those who were relatively unaffected. Increased exposure to trauma is associated with increased dependence on alcohol and nicotine, as well as prescribed psychiatric medications. This information is important to consider when reacting to future earthquakes and other natural disasters. There is evidence to suggest that the mental health effects of natural disasters can weaken and harm the affected communities.
Positive mental health impact
Evidence from research on the Christchurch earthquake revealed that increased exposure to trauma is not exclusively correlated with negative outcomes. Those with relatively high exposure to earthquake damage show an increase in positive effects, including increased personal strength, growth in social relationships, bringing families closer, and realizing what is important in life. It is estimated that natural disasters, such as earthquakes, can cause this positive effect as it affects the whole community, as opposed to events that only target individuals. Damage to a community can cause members to engage in empathetic, pro-social behavior and a desire to support others who have experienced similar traumatic experiences. Positive effects, such as a greater sense of community connection, can help help the community to heal as a whole. Implemented programs can use this knowledge to help victims focus on positive effects, perhaps working with families to help them through disasters with the people closest to them.
Predictors of mental health deficits after trauma
Poor mental health predictors after trauma, such as mental health status before trauma and individual characteristics, can help determine those who would be more vulnerable to developing mental health problems. Those who showed lower mental health before the earthquake would be more likely to experience negative life changes than positive life changes related to personal power. Symptoms of pre-disaster depression can predict a higher likelihood of developing PTSD after trauma. People who show lower mental health before trauma does not adapt also follow trauma, and show a higher PTSD level. Personality traits, such as neuroticism and low self-esteem are associated with a low sense of normalcy after an earthquake, but optimism is a predictor of lower and less severe PTSD symptoms.
The limitation of studying earthquakes and mental health effects
Learning earthquakes has proven to be a difficult task when considering all the limitations created by natural disasters. Clinical interviews are difficult because of widespread infrastructure and road damage, leading to reliance on self-reports. Self-reports can introduce a bias on the results, leading to sloping data. Researchers can not reliably compare the mental health status of individuals with their health status before trauma because they have to rely on retrospective self report. Retrospective self-reports are strongly influenced by the current state of individual distress. The transfer of large numbers of people following trauma as a problem for natural disaster researchers. It is estimated that displaced people suffered the worst damage, and therefore the reported PTSD and depression rates are often lower than those of displaced people to collect data. Because many people are displaced, it is difficult to find a representative sample population. For example, after the Christchurch earthquake, the study reported that older-educated women of New Zealand's European descent were more represented in their sample population, which is inaccurate than the Christchurch population as a whole.
Importance
Researching the mental health effects of earthquakes and other disasters is important so that people can recover well after a traumatic event. This is a difficult topic to examine because fixing the physical damage from a disaster is usually the first step the city takes for recovery. Each individual can react differently to traumatic events, and more research needs to be done to learn how to predict vulnerability and access effects to find the most successful solution. Since it has been found that different demographics are affected differently, this also needs to be taken into account when looking for solutions to aid recovery. Different demographics can benefit from different types of mental counseling to help them recover from trauma. It is important to have information about different demographic groups because the same mental health care will not help all those affected by trauma.
Screen depictions
- When A City Falls (2011): a long documentary about the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch is directed & amp; produced by Gerard Smyth and released in theaters in November 2011.
- Hope and Wire (2014): a 3-part mini-television series that dramatized the Christchurch earthquake 2011. It aired on TV3 in July 2014.
- Sunday (2014): feature film in Christchurch one year after the 2011 earthquake, depicting young couples living among city rebuilding.
See also
- Earthquake Commission
- Geology of the Canterbury Region
- List of disasters in New Zealand by the dead
- List of earthquakes in 2011
- List of earthquakes in New Zealand
Similar earthquakes:
- Canterbury Earthquake 2010
- June 2011 Christchurch earthquake
- Christchurch Earthquake 2016
References
Further reading
- "The Canterbury Earthquakes: Scientific answer to critical questions" (PDF) . Royal Society of New Zealand. 2011. Ã,
- Creuson plus! "Update and news CHCH earthquake in French from French Blend
- Martin Van Beynen, Trapped: Extraordinary Stories about Surviving the 2011 Canterbury Earthquake , Penguin, 2012.
External links
Official responses and restore
- Canterbury Earthquake - information for affected people
- Canterbury earthquake recovery - New Zealand Government website
- The official statement of the Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand Police
- Quake Christchurch Map
- Red zone streetcam from Terralink
- Christchurch Quake Live
Scientific and engineering reports
- Satellite radar imagery from earth deformation
- Earthquake Information in Geonet (Science GNS)
- United States Geological Survey: Magnitude 6.3Ã, - South Island New Zealand
- Wikieducator learning resources. An earthquake investigation was developed for students aged 13-17.
- "Preliminary Report from Christchurch Feb 22, 2011 6.3mw Earthquake: Pre-1970 RC (reinforced concrete) and RCM (reinforced brick pavement) Buildings, and Precast Staircase Damage". Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. . (1.04 MB) Retrieved 5 March 2011
- International Seismology Center has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
News
Documentary
- 1996 Christchurch documentary why the building collapsed, predicting many of the 2011 events
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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