Detroit ( ) is the most populous city in the state of Michigan, USA, the largest city on the US-Canada border, and the center of Wayne County. The Detroit municipality has an estimated 2017 population of 673,104, making it the 23rd densest city in the United States. The metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 4.3 million people, making it the second largest in the Midwest after Chicago.
Detroit is the main port on the Detroit River, one of the four main straits connecting the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Detroit Metropolitan Airport is one of the most important hubs in the United States. The city of Detroit is the third largest economic area in the Midwest, behind Chicago and Minneapolis-St. Paul, and the 14th largest in the United States. Detroit and its nearby city, Canada, are connected through the tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, the busiest international intersection in North America. Detroit is best known for being the center of the US auto industry, and the "Big Three" automotive manufacturers General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler are all based in Metro Detroit.
In 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Dà © c  © troit, the future city of Detroit. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial center in the center of the Great Lakes region. With the expansion of the automotive industry in the early 20th century, the city and its suburbs experienced rapid growth, and by the 1940s, the city became the fourth largest in the country. However, due to industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the automotive industry, and rapid suburbanization, Detroit lost many inhabitants from the late 20th century to the present. Since reaching a peak of 1.85 million at the 1950 census, Detroit's population has declined by more than 60 percent. In 2013, Detroit became the largest city in the US to file for bankruptcy, which worked out in December 2014, when the city government regained control of Detroit's finances.
Detroit's diverse cultures have local and international influences, especially in music, with the city generating Motown and techno genres, and playing an important role in the development of jazz, hip-hop, rock, and punk music. Detroit's rapid growth left behind the stock of architectural monuments and globally unique historic sites, and since conservation efforts in the 2000s saved many pieces of architecture and allowed several large-scale revitalizations, including the restoration of several historic theaters and entertainment venues, renovations, new sports stadiums, and river bank revitalization projects. Recently, residents of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and other neighborhoods have increased. An increasingly popular tourist destination, Detroit receives 19 million visitors per year. In 2015, Detroit was named the "City of Design" by UNESCO, the first US city to accept the title.
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Histori
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The Paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit at the beginning of 11,000 years ago including a culture called Mound builders. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi and Iroquois tribes.
The first Europeans did not enter the area and reached the Detroit straits until the French missionaries and merchants worked around the Iroquois League, with whom they fought, and other Iroquoian tribes in the 1630s. The northern side of Lake Erie was held by the Huron and Neutral tribes until the 1650s, when Iroquois drove both the Erie and the far from the lake and the rich feed streams of beavers in the Beaver War of 1649-1655. In the 1670s, the war-attenuated Iroquois claimed as far south as the Ohio River Valley in northern Kentucky as a hunting area, and had absorbed many other Iroquoian societies after defeating them in war. For the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonial, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of Iroquois's possible response. When the French and Indian War expelled the French Empire from Canada, he removed a barrier for British colonists who migrated to the west. (See main article).
The British negotiations with Iroquois would prove critical and lead to a Crown policy that confined the western part of the Alleghenies settlement under the Great Lakes, which gave many US migrant casualties to support the American Revolution. 1778 raids and 1779 resultant determinants The Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio State to western emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers flowed to the west.
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The city is named by the French colony, referring to the Detroit River (French: le dÃÆ' Â © troit du lac ÃÆ' â € ° riÃÆ' Â © , which means Lake Erie Strait ), connecting Lake Huron and Lake Erie; in the historical context, the strait includes the St. Clair, Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River.
On the edge of the strait, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one French and French Frenchmen, established a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du DÃÆ' Â © troit, named after Louis Phae © lypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine Affairs under Louis XIV. France offers free land to the colonists to draw families to Detroit; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765, it was the largest European settlement between Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements. In 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, the population reached 2,144 and it was the third largest city in the Province of Quebec.
The region's economy is based on profitable fur trade, where many Native Americans play an important role. The Detroit flag reflects its French colonial heritage. The earliest Canadian Canadian and Canadian descendants of Canada formed a cohesive community, gradually being replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Life along the shores of Lake St. Clair, and south to Monroe and the downstream suburbs, the Canadian French Detroit, also known as the French Muskrat, remains a subculture in the region.
During the French and Indian Wars (1754-63), the North American Front of the Seven Years' War between England and France, British troops controlled the settlement in 1760. They abbreviated the name to Detroit. Some Native American tribes launched Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), and undertook the Fort Detroit siege, but failed to capture him. In defeat, France surrendered its territory in North America east of Mississippi to England after the war.
After the American Revolutionary War and the independence of the United States, Britain handed Detroit along with other territories in the area under the Treaty of Jay (1796), which formed the northern border with Canada. In 1805, fire destroyed most of Detroit's settlements, which consisted mostly of wooden buildings. A river warehouse and a chimney stone from used wooden houses is the only structure to survive.
19th century
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first region, then state). Detroit surrendered without resistance to British troops during the 1812 War in the Detroit Siege. The battle of Frenchtown (18-23 January 1813) was part of the United States' attempt to reclaim the city, and American troops suffered the highest casualties of any battle in the war. The battle is celebrated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park in south Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was eventually recaptured by the United States that year.
It was incorporated as a city in 1815. As the city expanded, the geometric road plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward followed, featuring grand boulevards as in Paris.
Prior to the American Civil War, urban access to the Canadian-US border made it a major stop for refugee slaves who gained freedom in the North along the Underground Railroad. Many crossed the Detroit River to Canada to escape the chase by the slave catchers. There are an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 African-American refugees living in Canada. George DeBaptiste is considered the "president" of the Detroit Underground Railroad, William Lambert "vice president" or "secretary" and Laura Haviland "inspector".
Many men from Detroit volunteered for Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Regiment Infantry (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), who struggled with the differences and suffered 82% of the victims at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln was quoted as saying "Thank God for Michigan!" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them "Wolverines".
During the late 19th century, several large Gilded Age homes reflecting industrial wealth and cruise kings were built in the east and west of the city center today, along the main road from Woodward's plan. The most famous among them is the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became the premier location for luxury homes. During this period there was a mention of Detroit as the Paris of the West because of its architecture, the Paris-style highway, and to Washington Boulevard, which Thomas Edison had recently electrified. The city has grown tremendously from the 1830s with the advent of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Located strategically along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerges as a major port and transport hub.
In 1896, growing train trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first car at a rental workshop on Mack Avenue. During this period of growth, Detroit expanded its borders by annexing all or part of some of the surrounding villages and towns.
20th century
In 1903, Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford's manufacturing - and automotive pioneers William C. Durant, Dodge Brothers, Packard, and Walter Chrysler - established Detroit's status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital. The growth of the automotive industry is reflected in business changes across the Midwest and the country, with the development of garages for service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for spare parts and tires.
With the rapid growth of industrial workers in automobile manufacturers, unions like the American Labor Federation and the Automotive Workers Union are struggling to organize workers to get them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics to support upgrades such as 8 working hours/40 hours a week, increased wages, greater benefits and better working conditions. Labor activism during these years increased the influence of union leaders in cities such as Jimmy Hoffa of The Teamsters and Walter Reuther of Autoworkers.
The city became the 4th largest in the country in 1920, after only New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia, with a booming auto industry influence.
The alcohol ban from 1920 to 1933 resulted in the Detroit River being the main channel for illegal Canadian illegal smuggling.
Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial and discriminatory conflict in the 20th century after rapid demographic changes when hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to industrial cities; in a short time it became the 4th largest city in the country. Great Migration brings rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by the southern white men who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought Europe and southern Catholic and Jewish faiths; these new groups compete with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city. Detroit is one of the main cities in the Midwest which is a site for the dramatic rise of the Ku Klux Klan city beginning in 1915. "In the 1920s the city has become a KKK fortress," whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as American blacks. The Black Legion, a vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s, when a third of the estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following a kidnapping and murder in 1936 from Charles Poole, a Catholic Progress Administration organizer. A total of 49 Black Legion members were convicted of various crimes, many of whom were sentenced to life in prison for murder.
In the 1940s, the "first urban freeway in town" ever built, Davison, was built in Detroit. During World War II, the government encouraged the retooling of the American automobile industry to support Allied forces, leading to the key role of Detroit at the American Arsenal of Democracy.
The work grew so fast that 400,000 people were drawn to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 white people, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants are afraid of black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on the assembly line, 25,000 whites left the job. The Detroit race riots of 1943 came three weeks after the Packard factory protests. For three days, 34 people were killed, 25 were African Americans, and about 600 were injured, 75% were black.
Postwar era
The industrial merger of the 1950s, especially in the auto sector, increased oligopoly in the American auto industry. Detroit manufacturers like Packard and Hudson joined other companies and eventually disappeared. At its peak population of 1,849,568, at the 1950 Census, the city is the fifth largest in the United States, after New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia and Los Angeles.
As in other major American cities in the postwar era, the construction of vast roads and highway systems around Detroit and the pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; Highways are made by car easier. In 1956, the last used electric tramway along Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. That is the last line of what was once a 534 mile electric tram network. In 1941 during the busy period, the tram runs on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.
All changes in the transportation system in the region favored low-density, auto-oriented development rather than high-density urban development, and industry also moved to the suburbs. The Detroit metro area evolved as one of the most widespread employment markets in the United States in the 21st century, and combined with poor public transport, generates a lot of work out of the reach of low-income urban workers.
In 1950, the city housed about a third of the inhabitants of the state, which was moored by industry and workers. Over the next sixty years, the city's population declined to less than 10 percent of the state's population. Over the same time period, Detroit's vast metropolitan area, which surrounds and includes the city, grows to contain more than half the Michigan population. Population and work shifts erode Detroit's tax base.
In June 1963, Pdt. Martin Luther King Jr. gave a keynote speech in Detroit that predicted the speech "I Have a Dream" in Washington, DC, two months later. While the civil rights movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, long-standing injustices resulted in confrontations between police and black youths in cities seeking change. The prolonged tension in Detroit culminated in the unrest on Twelfth Street in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard to Detroit, and President Johnson sent out US Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, more than 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in residential and black businesses. Thousands of small businesses are permanently closed or moved into safer neighborhoods. The affected districts ruined for decades. It was the most expensive riot in the United States.
On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed a lawsuit against a Michigan state official, including Governor William Milliken, to collect the segregation of de facto public schools. The NAACP believes that although schools are not legally separate, Detroit and surrounding districts have enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggests a direct link between unfair housing practices and education segregation, which follows a separate environment. The District Court regulates all levels of government responsible for the separation in its decision. The Sixth Circuit Court confirmed several decisions, stating that it is the state's responsibility to integrate across a separate metropolitan area. The US Supreme Court raised the case February 27, 1974. The decision of Milliken v. Bradley next has a broad national influence. In a narrow decision, the Court found that the school was a subject of local control and that the suburbs could not be forced to resolve the issue in the municipal school district.
"Milliken is probably the biggest opportunity missed in that period," said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota. "If it went any other way, it would open the door to fix almost any Detroit problem right now." John Mogk, a professor of law and expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit, said: "Everyone thought it was a riot [in 1967] that caused the white family to leave.Some people went at that time but, really, after Milliken you see mass flights to the suburbs If that case goes any other way, Detroit is unlikely to experience a sharp decline in its tax base that has happened since then. "
1970s and down
In November 1973, the town chose Coleman Young as the first black mayor. After taking office, Young stressed the increase in racial diversity in the police department. Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but tensions between Young and his suburban colleagues over troubled regional issues throughout the mayor's term. In 1976, the federal government offered $ 600 million to build a regional rapid transport system, under one regional authority. But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to resolve the conflict over transit planning resulted in the region losing most of its funds for rapid transit. After the failure to reach agreement on a larger system, City moved forward with the construction of an elevated center city circulator part of the system, which came to be known as the Detroit People Mover.
The gasoline crisis of 1973 and 1979 also affected Detroit and the US auto industry. Buyers opt for smaller and more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign manufacturers as gas prices rise. Efforts to revive the city were hampered by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers have laid off thousands of employees and factories shut down in the city, further eroding the tax base. To overcome this, the city uses a leading domain to build two new car assembly plants in the city.
As mayor, Young tries to revive the city by trying to increase investment downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This skyscraper group is an attempt to keep business in the city center. Young also provides city support for other major developments to attract middle and upper class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the city center continues to lose business to a car-dependent suburb. The shops are large and the hotel is closed and many large office buildings are empty. Young was criticized for focusing too heavily on the development of the city center and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve the municipal service.
Long a large population center and car manufacturing sites worldwide, Detroit has experienced a long economic downturn generated by many factors. Like many American industrial cities, Detroit reached its peak population in the 1950 census. The peak population is 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and job losses (as described above), at the 2010 census, the city has less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 inhabitants. The city has declined in population in every census since 1950.
High unemployment is exacerbated by middle-class flights to the suburbs, and some residents leave the country to find work. The city is left with a higher proportion of poor people, reduced tax base, depressed property values, abandoned buildings, abandoned environments, high crime rates and real demographic imbalances.
1990s-2000s
In 1993 Young retired as the longest serving mayor of Detroit, deciding not to look for the sixth term. That year the town was elected Dennis Archer, a former judge of the Supreme Court of Michigan. Archer prioritizes city center development and reduces tension with Detroit's suburban neighbors. Referendum to allow casino gambling in cities passed in 1996; some temporary casino facilities opened in 1999, and a permanent downtown casino with the hotel opened in 2007-08.
Martius Campus, reconfiguration of major downtown intersections as a new park opened in 2004. This park has been named as one of the best public spaces in the United States. The riverside of the city has been the focus of redevelopment, following successful examples from other older industrial cities. In 2001, the first part of the International Riverfront was completed as part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration, with many miles of landscaped gardens and associated landscapes being completed in the following years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with a sidewalk that connects Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.
Since 2006, $ 9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $ 5.2 billion of which have come in 2013 and 2014. Construction activities, in particular the rehabilitation of historic buildings in the city center, have risen sharply. The number of buildings in the empty city center has dropped from almost 50 to about 13. Among the most renowned rebuilding projects is the Book Cadillac Hotel and Fort Shelby Hotel; Tower of David Broderick; and David Whitney House.
Little Caesars Arena, a new home for Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Pistons with attached housing, hotels, and retail usage opened on 5 September 2017. Plans for project calls for mixed dwellings in blocks around the arena and renovations of the empty 14th floor Eddystone Hotel. It will be part of The District in Detroit, a group of premises owned by Olympia Entertainment Inc., including Comerica Park and the Detroit Opera House, among others.
21st century
Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe city damage and thousands of empty buildings around the city. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city is having trouble providing city services. The city has considered various solutions, such as destroying abandoned homes and buildings; removing street lighting from most cities; and encourage small populations in certain areas to move to more populous locations. Approximately half of the 305,000 property owners in Detroit failed to pay their 2011 tax bill, which resulted in about $ 246 million in taxes and fees not collected, almost half of it because of Detroit; the rest of the money will be allocated to Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.
In September 2008, Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick (who has served for six years) resigned following a criminal conviction. In 2013, Kilpatrick was sentenced to 24 counts of federal crime, including mail fraud, wire fraud, and extortion, and was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison. The activities of the former mayor cost about $ 20 million. In 2013, allegations of bribery charges were brought against seven building inspectors. In 2016, further corruption allegations were filed against 12 principals, former school principals and supply vendors for a $ 12 million bribe scheme. Law professor Peter Henning argues that Detroit's corruption is nothing extraordinary for a city of its size, especially when compared to Chicago.
The city's financial crisis resulted in the state of Michigan taking over the administrative control of its government. The state governor declared a financial emergency in March 2013, appointing Kevyn Orr as emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit became the largest US city to file for bankruptcy. It was declared bankrupt by the US District Court on December 3, 2013, given the city's $ 18.5 billion in debt and its inability to pay off thousands of its creditors. On November 7, 2014 the city plan to exit bankruptcy was approved. The next month on December 11 the city was officially out of bankruptcy. The plan allows the city to eliminate $ 7 billion in debt and invest $ 1.7 billion into improving municipal services.
One of the largest post-bankruptcy efforts to improve municipal services has succeeded in improving the illuminated city street lighting system. At one time it was estimated that 40% of the lamps did not work. The plan calls for replacing high-pressure sodium lamps out of date with 65,000 LED lights. Construction begins in late 2014 and completed in December 2016 making Detroit the largest US city with all LED streetlights.
In 2010, several initiatives were taken by Detroit residents and new residents to improve the city's landscape by renovating and revitalizing the environment. These include Motor City Blight Busters and various urban gardening movements. The famous symbol of decades-old city destruction, Michigan Central Station, was renovated with new windows, elevators and facilities since 2015. Several other landmark buildings have been completely renovated and converted into condominiums, hotels, offices or for cultural use. Detroit is called a renaissance city.
Maps Detroit
Geography
Metropolitan Region
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, 1,337 square miles (3,460 km 2 ), a Metropolitan Census of six regions of the United States 2010 (Census 2010 population) 4,296,250, 3,913 square miles [10,130 km 2 ]), and nine regions of the Combined Statistical Area (Census 2010 population of 5,218,852, 5,814 square miles [15,060 km 2 ]).
Topography
According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​142.87 square miles (370.03 km 2 ), which is 138.75 square miles (359.36 km 2 ) is ground and 4.12 square miles (10.67 km 2 ) is water. Detroit is a major city in Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan located in the United States Midwestern and Great Lakes region.
The Detroit River International Wildlife Reserve is the only international wildlife reserve in North America, uniquely located in the heart of major metropolitan areas. The Refuge includes islands, coastal swamps, swamps, shoals, and 48 miles (77 km) seaside land of the Detroit River and the western coastline of Lake Erie.
The city stretches gently from northwest to southeast in the lowlands consisting mostly of glacial clays and lakes. The most prominent topographic feature in the city is Detroit Moraine, a large clay ridge where older parts of Detroit and Windsor sit, rising about 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point. The highest altitude in the city is located just north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side about three blocks south of 8 Mile Road, at an altitude of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).
Belle Isle Park is a 982 acre (1,534Ã, sqÃ, mi; 397Ã, ha) island park on the Detroit River, between Detroit and Windsor, Ontario. Connected to the mainland by the MacArthur Bridge in Detroit. Belle Isle Park contains attractions such as James Scott Memorial Fountain, Belle Isle Conservatory, Detroit Yacht Club on adjacent island, 800 m long beach, golf course, nature center, monument and park. The skyline of the city can be seen from the island.
Three road systems across town: original French templates, with roads radiating from the shore; and a true north-south road based on the Northwest Ordinance city system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the Canadian-US border where one travels south to cross into Canada.
Detroit has four border crossings: The Detroit-Windsor Ambassador and Tunnel Bridge provides motorized motorways, with the Michigan Central Railroad Tunnel providing train access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Salt Mines of Windsor and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwestern part of the city developed over 1,500 acres (610Ã, ha) of a 1,100ft (340 m) salt mine beneath the surface. The Detroit Salt Mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has more than 100 miles (160 km) of roads in it.
Climate
Detroit and southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfa ) influenced by the Great Lakes; cities and the near suburbs are part of the USDA zone of Hardiness 6b, with the far wider north and west ridges generally falling in zone 6a. Winter is cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures do not rise above the freezing point of an average of 44 days each year, while down to or below 0 Â ° F (-18 Â ° C) averaging 4.4 days a year; warm to hot summers with temperatures exceeding 90 Â ° F (32 Â ° C) at 12 days. The summer runs from May to September. Average daily daily temperatures range from 25.6 Â ° F (-3.6 Â ° C) in January to 73.6 Â ° F (23.1 Â ° C) in July. The official temperature of extremes ranged from 105Ã, Â ° F (41Ã, Â ° C) on July 24, 1934 to -21Ã, Â ° F (-29Ã, Â ° C) on 21 January 1984; the lowest maximum record was -4 Â ° F (-20 Â ° C) on January 19, 1994, while, on the contrary the record minimum height was 80 Â ° F (27 Â ° C) on August 1, 2006, the most recent of the five events. A decade or two can pass between a reading of 100Ã, Â ° F (38Ã, Â ° C) or higher, the last one taking place July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 to April 22, allowing the growing season 180 day.
Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although warmer months like May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) every year, but historically ranging from 20.49 inches (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 inches (1,212 mm) in 2011. The snowfall, which usually drops in measurable numbers between November 15 and April 4 (sometimes in October and very rare in May), averages 42 , 5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranged from 11.5 inches (29 cm) in 1881-82 to 94.9 inches (241 cm) in 2013-14. A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 inches (7.6 cm) or more of a snow cover. Lightning is common in the Detroit area. This usually happens during spring and summer.
Detroit is located outside any zone of snow due to the effects of lakes because the rain that holds the wind from one of the Great Lakes (Lake Erie) comes from the south; Such winds are more likely to bring rain than snow even in the winter, in contrast to cities like Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Cleveland.
Cityscape
Architecture
Visible in panoramic views, the Detroit waterfront features a variety of architectural styles. The Neo-Gothic modern post office towers of the One Detroit Center (1993) are designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable horizon. Examples of Art Deco styles include the Guardian Building and the Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's outstanding structures are the largest US Fox Theater, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Art Institute.
While the City Center and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding cities consist of low-rise buildings and single-family homes. Outside the city core, high-rise housing is found in upscale neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near Detroit Mercy University and Marygrove College, historic neighborhood anchors including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and University District.
List of National Historic Sites lists some of the neighborhoods and districts. The area built before World War II features an architecture of the times, with wooden houses and brick houses in working-class neighborhoods, larger brick houses in middle-class neighborhoods, and luxury homes in upscale neighborhoods such as Brush Park, Woodbridge, Indian Village, Palmer Woods, Boston-Edison, and others.
Some of the oldest neighborhoods are along the corridors of Woodward and East Jefferson. Some new housing construction can also be found along the Woodward corridor, the western end, and northeast. Some of the oldest surviving neighborhoods include West Canfield and Brush Park, both of which have seen millions of dollars in restoration and construction of new homes and condominiums.
Many significant urban architectural buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places; the city has one of the largest collections still alive in America in the late 19th century and the beginning of a 20th century building. The important churches and cathedrals in the city include St. Joseph's, Old St. Mary's, Sweetest Heart of Mary, and Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament.
The city has substantial activity in urban design, historic preservation, and architecture. A number of downtown rebuilding projects - where Martius Campus Park is one of the most famous - has revitalized parts of the city. Grand Circus Park stands near the city theater district, Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions, and Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers. Other projects include dismantling Ford Auditorium from Jefferson St.
The Detroit International Riverfront includes a three and a half kilometer riverside parade completed with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge that accesses Belle Isle Park (the largest island park in the US city). The banks of the river include Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban park. The second phase is an extension of two miles (3.2 kilometers) from Hart Plaza to the Duta Bridge for a total of five miles (8.0 km) from the bridge from the bridge to the bridge. Civil planners envisioned that a pedestrian park would stimulate redevelopment of riverbank housing properties that were condemned under a leading domain.
Other major parks include the River Rouge (on the southwest side), Detroit's largest park; Palmer (north of Highland Park) and Chene Park (east of downtown river).
Nearby Areas
Detroit has various environmental types. The revitalized Downtown, Midtown and New Center areas feature many historic and high-density buildings, while further, especially in the northeast and on the periphery, the high vacancy rate is problematic, to which a number of solutions have been proposed. In 2007, Downtown Detroit was recognized as the best urban neighborhood in which to retire among the largest US metro areas by the editor of CNN Money Magazine.
Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the east side of the city, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The construction of 78 acres (32 ha) was originally named Taman Gratiot. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell include a 19 hectare (7.7 hectare) park without traffic, where these low and storied apartment buildings are located. Immigrants have contributed to the revitalization of urban environments, especially in southwest Detroit. Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.
The city has many neighborhoods consisting of empty properties that produce low population density in these areas, spanning city services and infrastructure. These areas are concentrated in the northeast and on the outskirts of the city. A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of many dwellings in the city are undeveloped or empty, and about 10% of urban housing becomes vacant. The survey also reported that most (86%) of townhouses are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair conditions that require little improvement.
To address vacancy issues, the city has begun to demolish abandoned homes, leveling 3,000 out of a total of 10,000 in 2010, but the resulting low density creates tensions on the city's infrastructure. To address this, a number of solutions have been proposed including the relocation of residents from a more sparsely populated environment and changing unused space for urban farming use, including Hantz Woodlands, although the city expects to be in the planning phase for up to two years.
Public funding and private investment have also been made with the promise to rehabilitate the environment. In April 2008, the city announced a $ 300 million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize the environment, financed by municipal bonds and paid by allocating about 15% of the bookmaker tax. The city's work plan for environmental revitalization includes 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn. Private organizations have pledged huge funding for the effort. In addition, the city has cleared 1,200 hectares (490 hectares) of land for large-scale environmental development, called the city with Far Eastside Plan . In 2011, Mayor Dave Bing announced plans to categorize the environment based on their needs and prioritize the services most needed for the environment.
Demographics
In the Census of the United States 2010, the city has 713,777 inhabitants, ranking the 18th most populous city in the United States.
Of the major shrinking cities in the United States, Detroit has experienced the most dramatic population decline in 60 years (down 1,135,791) and the second largest percentage decline (down 61.4%, second only to St. Louis, Missouri 62.7 %). While Detroit's population decline has been ongoing since 1950, the most dramatic period was a significant 25% decline between the 2000 and 2010 Censuses.
The population collapse has resulted in a large number of abandoned commercial homes and buildings, and the areas of this city were hit hard by city decay.
Detroit 713,777 residents representing 269,445 households, and 162,924 families living in the city. The population density is 5.144.3 person per square mile (1,895/km ²). There are 349,170 housing units with an average density of 2,516.5 units per square mile (971.6/km²). Density of housing has decreased. The city has destroyed thousands of Detroit's abandoned houses, planting several areas and elsewhere that enabled the growth of urban meadows.
Of 269,445 households, 34.4% had children under 18 living with them, 21.5% were couples living together, 31.4% had non-husbands female households, 39.5% were not family, 34 , 0% consists of individuals, and 3.9% has a person who lives alone aged 65 years or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.36.
There is a wide age distribution in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% aged 65 years or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 women, there are 89.1 men. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 83.5 men.
According to a study in 2014, 67% of the urban population identified themselves as Christians, with 49% confessing to Protestant churches, and 16% confessing Roman Catholic beliefs, while 24% claimed no religious affiliation. Other religions collectively account for about 8% of the population.
Revenue and work
The loss of industrial employment and the working class in the city has resulted in high levels of poverty and related problems. From 2000 to 2009, the estimated average city household income fell from $ 29,526 to $ 26,098. In 2010 Detroit's average income was below the overall US average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for American City Soul, said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest cities in the country."
In the 2010 American Community Survey, the average household income in the city was $ 25,787, and the average income for the family was $ 31,011. The per capita income for the city is $ 14,118. 32.3% of families have income at or below the federal defined poverty level. Of the total population, 53.6% of those under the age of 18 and 19.8% of those aged 65 years and older have income at or below the federally defined poverty line.
The Oakland County Metro Detroit, once rated among the richest US states per household, is no longer featured in the list of 25 Forbes magazines. But the county's internal statistical methods - based on per capita income measurements for districts with more than one million inhabitants - show that Oakland is still in the top 12, slipping from the most prosperous regions of the United States in 2004 to the 11th - most prosperous in 2009 Detroit dominates Wayne County, which has an average household income of about $ 38,000, compared to Oakland County $ 62,000.
Race and ethnicity
The city population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, largely influenced by the influx of Europe, the Middle East (Lebanon, Assyria/Chaldea), and South migrants to work in the emerging car industry. In 1940, whites were 90.4% of the city's population. Since 1950 the city has experienced a major shift in population to the suburbs. In 1910, less than 6,000 blacks were called city houses; in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit. Thousands of African-Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration in the 20th century.
Detroit remains one of the most racial cities in the United States. From the 1940s to the 1970s a second wave of blacks moved to Detroit to escape from the law of Jim Crow in the south and find work. However, they soon find themselves expelled from the white areas of the city - through violence, law, and economic discrimination (eg, redlining). White villagers attacked black houses: breaking windows, lighting fires, and exploding bombs. The pattern of segregation was then enlarged by white migration to the suburbs. One of the implications of racial segregation, which correlates with class segregation, may be that overall health is worse for some populations.
While African-Americans make up only 13 percent of Michigan's population by 2010, they make up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population group is white, at 10 percent, and Hispanic, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has declined in absolute and relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in the metropolitan area lived within the Detroit city limits. The number of integrated environments has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved in rank, from the number one most separate to number four. The 2011 opening at The New York Times links the downgrading of the separation to the entire exodus from the city, warning that these areas will soon become more separate. This pattern had taken place in the 1970s, when real integration was actually a precursor to flight and white resegregation. Over a period of 60 years, white flights occurred in the city. According to Michigan Metropolitan Information Center estimates, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White population increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some nesters were empty and many young white people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs.
Detroit has a Mexican-American population. At the beginning of the 20th century thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agriculture, automotive, and steel work. During the Mexican repatriation of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willing to be discharged or forced to return home. In the 1940s, the Mexican community began to finish what is now called Mexicantown. The population increased significantly in the 1990s due to immigration from Jalisco. In 2010 Detroit has 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans. The number of Hispanics was a 70% increase over the number in 1990.
After World War II, many people from Appalachia settled in Detroit. The Appalachian community is formed and their children have a southern accent. Many Lithuanians settled in Detroit during the World War II era, especially on the southwestern side of the city in the West Vernor region, where the renovated Lithuania Hall was reopened in 2006.
In 2001, 103,000 Jews, or about 1.9% of the population, live in the Detroit area, in Detroit and Ann Arbor.
Asian and Asian Americans
In 2002, of all the municipalities in the Wayne County-County County-Macomb County region, Detroit had the second largest Asian population. In that year, the percentage of Asians in Detroit was 1%, much lower than 13.3% of Troy. In 2000 Troy had the largest Asian-American population in the tricounty area, surpassing Detroit.
In 2002 there were four areas in Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has a Hmong population with a small group of Lao people. Part of Detroit east of Hamtramck includes Bangladesh America, American Indians and Pakistani Americans; almost all Bangladesh residents in Detroit live in the area. Many of them have small businesses or work in blue-collar jobs, and people in that area are mostly Muslim. The northern area of ​​Downtown Detroit; including the area around Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit Medical Center, and Wayne State University; has a native of Asian origin while a student or a hospital worker. Some of them have permanent residences after school ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but their inhabitants also include Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In south-west Detroit and southwest Detroit there are smaller, dispersed Asian communities including the area to the west by Dearborn and Redford Township which have the largest Asian Indian population, and the communities of Vietnam and Laos in Southwest Detroit.
In 2006, the city has one of the largest concentrations of Hmong United States. In 2006, the city has about 4,000 Hmong and other Asian immigrant families. Most of Hmong live east of Coleman Young Airport near Osborn High School. Hmong immigrant families generally have lower incomes than suburban Asian families.
Economy
Several large companies are headquartered in the city, including three Fortune 500 companies. The most widely represented sectors are manufacturing (mainly automotive), finance, technology, and health care. The most significant companies based in Detroit include: General Motors, Quicken Loans, Ally Financial, Compuware, Shinola, American Axle, Little Caesars, DTE Energy, Lowe Campbell Ewald, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan and Rossetti Architects.
About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit, which accounts for one-fifth of the city's job base. Aside from the various Detroit-based companies listed above, the city center contains major offices for Comerica, Chrysler, HP Enterprise, Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers, KPMG, and Ernst & amp; Young. Ford Motor Company is located in the adjacent town of Dearborn.
Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors is the largest single company in the city of Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, and the Henry Ford Health System at the New Center. Midtown is also home to the Shinola watchmaker and various small companies and new companies. New TechTown Center Center, a business research and incubator center that is part of the WSU system. Like downtown and Corktown, Midtown also has fast-growing retail and restaurants.
A number of downtown urban entrepreneurs are relatively new, as there has been a trend of companies moving from satellite edges around Metropolitan Detroit to downtown. Compuware completed its headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center. The PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza office is adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & amp; Young completed his office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, shifted its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating suburban offices. In July 2012, the US Patent and Trademark Office opened the EIA J. McCoy Satellite Office in Rivertown District/Warehouse as its first location outside the metropolitan area of ​​Washington, D.C..
In April 2014, the Department of Labor reported the city's unemployment rate at 14.5%.
The city of Detroit and other private-public partnerships have sought to catalyze the growth of the region by facilitating the construction and rehabilitation of historic high-rise housing in downtown, creating zones that offer many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as Detroit RiverWalk, Campus Martius Park, Dequindre Cut Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city itself has cleared the land while retaining significant historic vacant buildings to spur rebuilding; despite having wrestled with finance, the city government issued bonds in 2008 to provide funds for ongoing work to destroy damaged property. Two years earlier, the city center reported $ 1.3 billion in new restorations and developments that increased the number of construction jobs in the city. In the decade before 2006, downtown earned more than $ 15 billion in new investments from the private and public sectors.
Despite the recent financial problems of the city, many developers remain unaffected by Detroit's problems. Midtown is one of the most successful areas in Detroit to have 96% occupancy rate. Many developments are recently fully or are in various stages of construction. These include the $ 82 million reconstruction of David Whitney Building in the city center (now Aloft Hotel and luxury residence), Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, housing conversion from the David Broderick Tower downtown, the rehabilitation of the Cadillac Books Hotel (now Westin and luxury condos ) and Fort Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) are also in the city center, and smaller projects.
The young professional population of Downtown grows and retail extends. A study in 2007 found that the new inhabitants of Downtown were mostly young professionals (57% were 25 to 34 years old, 45% had college degrees, and 34% had master's or professional degrees), a trend that has accelerated over the past decade. John Varvatos will open a downtown store in 2015, and Restoration Hardware is rumored to be opening a shop nearby.
On July 25, 2013, Meijer, a midwestern retail chain, opened its first supercenter store in Detroit; this is a $ 20 million, 190,000 square foot store in the northern part of the city and also the center of a new $ 72 million shopping center called Gateway Marketplace. On June 11, 2015, Meijer opened its second supercenter store in town.
On May 21, 2014, JPMorgan Chase announced that it had injected $ 100 million over five years into the Detroit economy, providing development funding for projects that would improve jobs. This is the biggest commitment made to one city by the largest bank in the country. Of $ 100 million, $ 50 million will be used for development projects, $ 25 million will be used for city removal, $ 12.5 million will be used for job training, $ 7 million will be used for small businesses in the city, and $ 5.5 million will be used for M-1 light rail project (Qline). On May 19, 2015, JPMorgan Chase announced that it has invested $ 32 million for two rebuilding projects in Capitol Park, Capitol Park Lofts (former Capitol Park) and the Detroit Savings Bank at 1212 Griswold. The investment is separate from the five-year, $ 100-million Chase commitment. On May 10, 2017, J.P. Morgan Chase & amp; Co. announced a $ 50 million increase in investment of $ 100 million the company is committed to economic development and environmental stabilization in Detroit by 2019. Half of its $ 150 million will be a grant and the other half will go to various loan funds for small businesses. growth, mixed real estate development, and housing projects.
Contemporary culture and life
In the central part of Detroit, the population of young professionals, artists, and other transplants grew and retail grew. This dynamic attracts additional new residents, and former residents are returning from other cities, to Downtown city along with the revitalized Midtown and New Center areas.
The desire to get closer to the urban scene has also attracted some young professionals to live on the inner periphery of the rim such as Ferndale and Royal Oak, Michigan. The proximity of Detroit with Windsor, Ontario, provides views and nightlife, along with minimum drinking age in Ontario from 19. A 2011 study by Walk Score recognizes Detroit for walkability above average among major US cities. About two-thirds of the inhabitants of the suburbs occasionally eat and attend cultural events or take up professional games in the city of Detroit.
Nickname
Known as the world's automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for the industry. The Detroit automotive industry, some of which were converted into wartime defense production, was an important element of American "Arsenal Democracy" that supported Allied forces during World War II. This is an important source of popular music legacy celebrated by two familiar nicknames of this city, Motor City Music
Live music has been a major feature of Detroit nightlife since the late 1940s, bringing the city's recognition under the nickname 'Motown'. The metropolitan area has many nationally renowned live music venues. Live Nation concerts performed throughout the Detroit area. A great concert was held at DTE Energy Music Theater and The Palace of Auburn Hills. The city's theater circuit is the second largest show in the United States and hosts a Broadway show.
The city of Detroit has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to a number of different genres for decades leading to the new millennium. Important music events in the city include: Detroit International Jazz Festival, Detroit's Electronic Music Festival, Motor City Music Conference (MC2), Urban Organic Music Conferences, Color Concerts, and Hip-hop Summer festivals.
In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the southwestern Delray neighborhood of the city. Hooker, among other blues musicians migrating from his home in Mississippi brought the Delta blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker was recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in Black Bottom neighborhoods. Leading Jazz musicians emerged from the 1960s including: trumpeter Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.
Motor City R & amp; Other B's in the 1950s and early 1960s were Nolan Strong, Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer - all of whom scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong is a major influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label is a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit, and is owned by husband and wife teams Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune, which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s, laid the groundwork for Motown, which became the most legendary record label in Detroit.
Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records that became famous during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & amp; Supremes, Jackson 5, Martha and Vandellas, The Spinners, Gladys Knight & amp; Pips, The Marvelettes, The Elgins, The Monitors, The Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye. The artists were supported by In Andean vocalist The Andantes and The Funk Brothers, the Motown house band featured in the 2002 documentary Paul Eman's Standing in the Shadows of Motown, based on Allan Slutsky's book of the same name.
The Motown Sound plays an important role in crossover appeal with popular music, as it is the first African American-owned record label to feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin, Detroit R & amp; B, carrying the Motown Sound; However, he does not record with Motown Berry Label.
Artists and local bands became famous in the 1960s and 70s including: MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The Kiss Group emphasized the city's relationship with rock in Detroit Rock City and the film produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of underground hardcore punk rock with many nationally known bands coming out of town and suburbs, such as The Romantics, The Necros, The Meatmen, and the Negative Approach.
In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip-hop artists, including Eminem, the highest cumulative hip-hop artist, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and the Insane Clown Posse hip hop duo. The town is also home to rapper Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker. The city also has an active rock garage genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Detroit Cobra, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons.
Detroit was named the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s. The city also lends its name to the early electronic dance music genre and pioneer, "Detroit techno". Featuring science fiction and robotic themes, the futuristic style is strongly influenced by geographers
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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