Lawrence is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, on the Merrimack River. At the 2010 census, the city has a population of 76,377, which has risen to 78,197 estimated in 2014. The surrounding community includes Methuen in the north, Andover to the southwest, and North Andover to the southeast. Lawrence and Salem were the county districts of Essex County, until the Commonwealth abolished the local government in 1999. Lawrence is part of Merrimack Valley.
The city's manufacturing products include electronic equipment, textiles, footwear, paper products, computers, and foodstuffs. Lawrence was the residence of the poet Robert Frost for his early school years; essays and poems were first published in Lawrence High School.
Video Lawrence, Massachusetts
History
Establish and upgrade as the center of textiles
Native Americans, the Pennacook or Pentucket, are present in this area. The agricultural evidence at Den Rock Park and the making of arrows in the place where Wood Mill now sits has been found.
Europe first settled in the Haverhill area in 1640, colonists from Newbury followed the Merrimack River from the coast. The area that will become Lawrence then becomes part of Methuen and Andover. The first settlement came in 1655 with the establishment of a shelter house in Shawsheen Fields, now South Lawrence.
The future sites of the city (formerly part of Andover and Methuen), were bought by a consortium of local industrialists. Members of the Water Association: Abbott Lawrence, Edmund Bartlett, Thomas Hopkinson of Lowell, John Nesmith and Daniel Saunders, have purchased control over Peter Falls on the Merrimack River and thus controlled Bodwell Falls to be the site of the current Great Stone Dam. The group allocated fifty thousand dollars to buy land along the river to develop. In 1844, the group applied to the legislature to act as a company, known as the Essex Company, which was established on April 16, 1845. The first excavations for the Great Batu Dam to harness the Merrimack River water force were carried out on 1 August 1845. The Essex Company will sell hydro power to a company like Arlington Mills, as well as manage plant construction and build it. Until 1847, when the state legislature recognized the public as a city, it was referred to alternately "New Town", "Essex" or "Merrimac". The post office, built in 1846, uses the title "Merrimac". The founding of the city would come in 1853, and the name "Lawrence", was only chosen as a sign of respect to Abbott Lawrence, who could not have verified ever seen a city named after him.
Channels are dug to the north and south of the bank to provide electricity to the factories that will soon be built on the banks as both factory owners and workers from all over the city and the world flock to the city in droves; many Irish workers have experience with similar building jobs. The work is dangerous: injury and even death are not uncommon.
The Bread and Roses Strike 1912
The working conditions at the factory were unsafe and in 1860 Pemberton Mill collapsed, killing 145 workers. As immigrants flooded the United States in the mid to late 19th century, Lawrence's population was abundant with skilled and unskilled workers from several countries.
Lawrence is the famous place for Roti and Mawar strikes, also known as Lawrence Textile Strike, one of the more important labor acts in American history.
Post-War History
Lawrence was a large wool processing center until the industry declined in the 1950s. The decline made Lawrence a struggling city. Lawrence's population declined from over 80,000 inhabitants in 1950 (and high 94,270 in 1920) to about 64,000 in 1980, a low point of Lawrence's population.
City redevelopment and updates
Like other northeastern cities suffering from the decline of the post-World War II industry, Lawrence has often made revitalization efforts, some of which are controversial. For example, half of the Giant Wood Factory, powered by the Great Stone Dam and once the world's largest factory, was demolished in the 1950s. The Lawrence Redevelopment Authority and city officials utilized a leading domain for the perceived public interest, through a top-down approach, to revitalize the city throughout the 1960s. Recognized first as urban redevelopment, and then urban renewal, Lawrence's local government actions against vulnerable immigrant communities and poor communities, contain the grounds of gentrification that lie under the goal of revitalizing Lawrence. There is a clash of different ideals and perceptions about disease, growth, and what is the desired community. In the end the discussion ignores the community members who will be directly affected by the rebuilding of the city.
Under the guise of urban renewal, a large number of downtown Lawrence was destroyed in the 1970s, replaced with parking lots and a three-story parking garage connected to the new Intown Mall intended to compete with newly built suburban malls. The historic Row Theater along Broadway was also destroyed, destroying movie palaces in the 1920s and 1930s that entertained factory workers through the Great Depression and the Second World War. The city's main post office, a federal-style building carved on the corner of Broadway and Essex Street, was destroyed. Most of the buildings were replaced with one-story structures, steel frames with large parking lots, housing such as fast-food restaurants and chain drugstores, fundamentally changing the character of Lawrence's center.
Lawrence also seeks to increase its employment base by attracting undesirable industries in other communities, such as sewage treatment facilities and incinerators. From 1980 to 1998, private companies operated two waste incinerators in Lawrence. Activist residents managed to block the approval of a waste treatment center on the banks of the Merrimack River near the current location of Salvatore's Pizza on Merrimack Street.
The recent renewal of Lawrence's city renewal has shifted to conservation rather than scattered.
Events of the 1980s and 1990s
Immigrants from the Dominican Republic and migrants from Puerto Rico began to arrive at Lawrence in significant numbers in the late 1960s, attracted by cheap housing and a history of tolerance towards immigrants. In 1984, the tension between the remaining white working class and the growing number of Hispanic youths flared into riots, centered at the intersection of Haverhill Street and Oxford Street, where buildings were destroyed by Molotov cocktails and more than 300 people were arrested.
Lawrence saw further setbacks during the early 1990s recession as an arson wave that hit the city. More than 200 buildings were burned in a period of eighteen months in 1991-92, many of them abandoned residence and industrial location. The Malden Mills factory was on fire on December 11, 1995. CEO Aaron Feuerstein decided to continue paying the salaries of all the unemployed workers while the factory is being rebuilt.
Recent trends
The sharp reduction in violent crime began in 2004 and massive private investment in former mill mills along the Merrimack River, including the remaining portion of the historic Wood Mill - to be converted into commercial, residential and educational use - has provided encouragement to city proponents. One of the few remaining factories in town is Malden Mills. Lawrence's city center has seen a revival of business activity when Hispanic-owned businesses have opened along Essex Street, Lawrence's historic shopping street, which has remained largely closed since the 1970s. In June 2007, the city approved the sale of Intown Mall, largely abandoned since the beginning of the 1990s recession, to Northern Essex Community College for the development of a medical science center, a development that began in 2012 when InTown Mall was finally removed.. The massive multi-structure fire in January 2008 destroyed many timber structures just south of the city center. The poor financial situation that has deteriorated with the recent global recession and has caused several layoffs of the city has Lawrence pondering the curator.
Timeline
Maps Lawrence, Massachusetts
History of immigrant community Lawrence
Lawrence was appropriately nicknamed the "City of Immigrants". It has been home to many different immigrant communities, mostly coming during the great wave of European immigration to America that ended in the 1920s.
Immigrant community, 1845-1920
Lawrence became home to a large group of immigrants from Europe, beginning with Ireland in 1845, Germany after the social upheaval in Germany in 1848, Sweden fled from overcrowded Sweden, and the French Canadians were trying to escape from the harsh northern farming life of the 1850s and beyond. The second wave began to arrive after 1900, as part of a large mass of Italian and Eastern European immigrants, including Jews from Russia, Poland, Lithuania, and the surrounding areas. Immigration to the United States was severely restricted in 1920 to the Immigration Act of 1924, when immigration born overseas to Lawrence almost ceased for more than 40 years.
In 1890, the 28,577 foreign-born population was divided as follows, with significant residual populations being children of foreign residents born: 7,058 Irish; 6,999 Canadian French; 5,131 English; 2,465 Germany; 1.683 Canadian English. In 1920, towards the end of the first wave of immigration, most ethnic groups had many social clubs in the city. The Portuguese have 2; England has 2; the Jews had 3; Armenian, 5; the Lebanese and Syrians, 6; Irish, 8; Poles, 9; French and Belgian-French, 14; Lithuania, 18; Italian, 32 years old; and Germany, 47. However, the center of social life, even more than clubs or fraternal organizations, is the church. Lawrence is filled with churches, many of which are now closed down, torn down or converted into other uses. These churches signify, more than any other artifact, the immigrant community that once lived within walking distance of each church.
The Irish
Irish immigrants arrived at Lawrence at the time of his birth, which almost coincided with the Great Chip Famine of the 1840s, an event that drove large numbers of Irish out of Ireland. The Great Stone Dam, built in 1845-1848 to drive a new-born textile factory, was largely built by Irish workers. The first Irish immigrants settled in the area south of the Merrimack River near the junction of Kingston Street and South Broadway. Their slums put them close to the dam being built, but away from the Essex Corporation tenements built in the north of the river to attract New England peasant girls as factory workers. The religious needs of the Irish people were initially filled with the Immaculate Conception church, originally established near the corner of Chestnut and White Street in 1846, the first Roman Catholic church in Lawrence. In December 1848, Reverend James O'Donnell founded the Church of St.. The "old" Mary. In 1847, the observer counted over ninety stalls in the Irish hut. In 1869, the Irish were able to raise enough money from their own church, St. Patrick's, on South Broadway.
German
The first large German community arrived after the revolution of 1848. However, the larger German community was formed after 1871, when industrial workers from Saxony fled due to economic competition from new industrial areas such as Ruhr. The German community is characterized by many school clubs, shooting clubs, national and regional clubs, and male and community choirs, many of whom clustered around Turn Verein, the main social club on Park Street. Germany has a large number of churches in Lawrence, including the parish of the Assumption Mary Church (German Catholic Church) established in 1887 at Lawrence Street, as well as a number of Protestant churches including The German Methodist Episcopal Church, Vine street, held in 1878.; and Presbyterian Germany, East Haverhill street, held in 1872 from which the Methodist church split in 1878.
Italian
Some Italian immigrants celebrate Mass in the Church's underground chapel. The mostly Irish Laurence O'Toole, at the intersection of East Haverhill Street and Newbury Street, until they raised enough funds to establish the Holy Rosary Church in 1909 near the intersection of Union Street and Essex Street. Immigrants from Lentini (a comune in the Sicily province of Syracuse) and from the province of Sicily, Catania maintained a special loyalty to three Catholic martyrs, Saint Alfio, Saint Filadelfo and Saint Cirino, and in 1923 began to celebrate a procession on the day of their party. Although most participants live in neighboring towns, the Feast of Three Saints festival continues in Lawrence today. Many Italians living in the Newbury Street area have immigrated from Trecastagni, Viagrande, Acireale, and Nicolosi, Italy.
The French Canadians
French Canadians are the second large immigrant group to settle in Lawrence. In 1872 they established their first church, St. Anne's, on the corner of Haverhill and Franklin streets. In a few decades, St. Anne founded the "missionary church", the Sacred Heart on South Broadway, to serve the QuÃÆ'Â © bÃÆ' Â © co community in South Lawrence. Then he will also establish a "missionary" parish in Methuen: Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St. Theresa (Notre-Dame du Mont Carmel et St-ThÃÆ' Â © rÃÆ'¨se). The French-Canadians come from various agricultural areas in Quebec where the old parish is overpopulated: some people move north (Abitibi and Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean), while others move to industrial cities to look for jobs (Montreal, Quebec, but also in the United States). Other people who integrate themselves into the French-Canadian community are actually Acad people who have left the Canadian Maritimes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are also looking for work.
The Lebanon
Lawrence residents often refer to their Arab-speaking Middle East community as "Syria". In fact, most Syrians in Lawrence come from present-day Lebanon and most Maronite Christians. Lebanese immigrants organized the St Anthony Maronite Church in 1903, as well as St. Orthodox Church. George, the oldest Orthodox Greek church in the United States.
The Jew
Jewish merchants became more and more in Lawrence and specialized in dry goods and retail stores. The most luxurious men's clothing store in Lawrence, Kap's, founded in 1902 and closed in the early 1990s, was founded by Elias Kapelson, born in Lithuania. Jacob Sandler and his two brothers also immigrated from Lithuania in about 1900 and founded the Sandlers Shopping Center, which continued in business until 1978. In the 1880s, the first Jewish arrival established a community around the public streets, the Valley , Concord and Lowell. Since 1922, there are at least two noteworthy hearings, either on Concord Street: the Congregation of the Children of Israel (Jewish), held October 3, 1894. The synagogue on the Concord Road was built in 1913; and the Anshea Sfard (Jewish) Congregation, held on April 6, 1900. The synagogue on the Concord road was built in the fall of 1907. In the 1920s, the Jews of Lawrence began to gather further in Tower Hill, where they established two synagogues in Lowell Street above. Milton Street, as well as the Jewish Community Center near Haverhill Street. All three institutions had closed their doors in 1990 when the rest of the elderly members of the community died or moved.
The Polish
The Polish community of Lawrence is estimated to number only 600-800 in 1900. However, in 1905, the community had developed enough to fund the building of the Holy Trinity Church at the corner of the Avon and Trinity streets. Their number increased to 2,100 Poles in 1910. Like most of their immigrant brothers from other countries, most Poles were employed in the manufacture of wool and junk items.
Lithuania
Lawrence has a large Lithuanian community to ensure the establishment of the Lithuanian Catholic Church for this community. Saint Francis (Catholic Church of Lithuania) at Bradford Street was formed in 1903 by Rev. James T. O'Reilly from St. Mary's, in a building formerly occupied by St. Episcopal Church. John. The church closed in 2002, joining Holy Trinity (Poland) and SS. Peter and Paul (Portuguese).
English
A large English community, comprised mostly of unskilled workers who arrived after 1880, sought employment in textile factories where they were given the job of choice by Yankee supervisors because of their shared linguistic heritage and close cultural ties.
Yankee Farmer
Not all immigrants to Lawrence are born overseas or their children. Yankee farmers, unable to compete with cheaper farmland in the Midwest that has been linked to the East coast by train, settled in the corners of Lawrence. The Congregationalists were the second Protestant denomination to start worship at Lawrence after the Episcopal, with the establishment of the Church of Congregation Lawrence Street in 1847, and the first in South Lawrence, with an erection in 1852 from the first South Congregation Church on South Broadway, near the corner of Andover Street. The Baptist churches include The First Baptist Church, one of the first churches in Lawrence, held in the spring of 1947 and known as the Amesbury Street Baptist Church. The Second Baptist was organized on September 6, 1860; the building was dedicated in 1874.
New immigrants, 1970 to now
Immigration of foreign workers born to Lawrence largely ceased in 1921 with the passage of strict quotas against immigrants from countries that have supplied cheap, unskilled workers. Although many quotas were lifted after the Second World War, foreign immigration to Lawrence was only taken back in the early 1960s with Hispanic immigrants from Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and other Latin American countries. Immigrants from Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, also settled in Lawrence.
Indications of immigration trends, some Catholic churches now do mass in two or more languages. St. John's Church Patrick, a Catholic church in Lawrence and once an Irish fortress, has been celebrating Spanish mass on Sundays since 1999. Mass in Vietnamese is also offered every week. St. Mary's of the Assumption Parish is the largest Catholic parish in Lawrence by the present mass and the number of parishioners registered. It has the largest multi-lingual trial in town and has been offering the Spanish masses since the early 1990s.
Since the 1990s, more and more former Catholic churches, shut down since the 1980s when their Irish or Italian congregations died, have been bought by Hispanic evangelical churches.
Census 2000 reveals the following population details, which illustrate the shift toward new immigrant groups:
Dominican Republic, 22%; Puerto Rico, 22%; Hispanic or other Latin, 12%; Ireland, 7%; Italy, 7%, France (except Basque), 5%; Black or African American, 5%; French Canadian, 5%; English, 3%; Arab, 2%; Germany, 2%; Lebanon, 2%; Central America, 1%; Poland, 1%; Portuguese, 1%; Guatemala, 1%; Vietnam, 1%; South America, 1%; Spain, 1%; Cambodia, 1%; Scotland, 1%; Cuba, 1%; Scotch-Irish, 1%; Ecuador, 1%.
Geography
According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​7.4 square miles (19 km 2 ), of which 7.0 square miles (18 km 2 ) is ground and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km 2 ) (6.07%) is water. Lawrence is on both sides of the Merrimack River, about 26 miles (42 km) upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. On the north side of the river, surrounded by Methuen. On the south side of the river, the city is bordered by North Andover to the east, and Andover to the south and southwest. Lawrence is about 30 miles (48 km) north-northwest of Boston and 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Manchester, New Hampshire.
Apart from the Merrimack River, other water features include the Spicket River, which flows into Merrimack from Methuen, and the Shawsheen River, which forms the southeastern border of the city. Lawrence has two power lines previously used to provide hydro power to the plant - one on the north bank of the river, the other to the south. Channeling water to these canals is the Great Stone Dam, located throughout Merrimack and, at the time of its construction in the 1840s, the largest dam in the world. The highest point in Lawrence is the top of Tower Hill in the northwest corner of the city, rising about 240 feet (73 m) above sea level. Other hills include Prospect Hill, in the northeast corner of the city, and Mount Vernon, along the southern edge of the city. Most industrial activities are concentrated in flat land along the river. Den Rock Park, a forest conservation district on the southern edge of Lawrence that spans the city line of Lawrence-Andover, provides recreation for nature lovers and rock climbers. There are also some small parks throughout the city.
Transportation
Lawrence is located along Interstate 495, which passes through the eastern part of town. There are three exits entirely within the city, though two provide access from outside the city limits. The city is also served by Route 28 passing from south to north through the city, and Route 110, which passes from east to west through the northern part of the city. Route 114 also has a west terminal on Route 28 on the Merrimack River. Lawrence is the site of four road crossings and a railroad crossing Merrimack, including the O'Leary Bridge (Route 28), a railroad bridge, Casey Bridge (carrying Parker Street and access to Route 114 and Lawrence MBTA stations to the north shore) , Duck Bridge (which brought Union Street across the river), and the double-decker O'Reilly Bridge, took me across the river.
Lawrence is the western center of the Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority bus service. It is also home to the Senator Transport Center of Patricia McGovern, home to regional bus services and Lawrence stops along the Haverhill/Reading Line from the MBTA Rel commue system, providing services from Haverhill to Boston North Station. Lawrence Municipal Airport provides a small plane service, although it is actually in neighboring North Andover. Lawrence is approximately equidistant from Manchester-Boston Regional Airport and Logan International Airport. Future plans to revitalize the Manchester and Lawrence branches in the north, leading to Manchester, New Hampshire, will allow MBTA to operate the rail service to Manchester from Lawrence, along with Pan Am Freights.
Climate
Lawrence has a humid continental climate (climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfa), which is typical for the southern Merrimack valley region in eastern Massachusetts.
Demographics
According to the Census Bureau of the US Census 2010, the city's population is 76,377, the population density is 10,973.7 per square mile (4237/km²), and there are 27,137 households (25,181 occupied). City's racial makeup is 42.8% White (20.5% non-Hispanic), 7.6% Black or African American, 2.5% Asian (0.8% Vietnamese, 0.8% Cambodian), 1.3 % American Indians or Alaskan Asli, 0.1% (57 total) Hawaiian Native or Pacific Islander, 39.3% some other races, 6.5% two or more races, and 73.8% of the population are Hispanic or Latino ( of any race) (39.6% Dominica, 22.2% Puerto Rico, 3.0% Guatemala, 0.8% Ecuador, Mexico 0.7%, 0.6% Salvador, 0.5% Cuba) -The US: 12.5%).
In the 2000 census, there were 72,043 people, 24,463 households, and 16,903 families living in the city. Population density was 10,351.4 people per square mile (3,996.5/km ²). There are 25,601 units of homes with an average density of 3,678.4 per square mile (1,420.2/km²). City's racial makeup is 48.64% White (US Average: 72.4%), 4.88% African American (US Average: 12.3%), 2.65% Asian (US Average: 3.6%), 0.81% Native Americans (US Average: 0.1%%), 0.10% Pacific Islander (US Average: 0.1%), 36.67% of race (US average: 5.5%), 6.25% of two or more races (US average: 2.4%).
There are 24,463 households where the average household size is 2.90 and the average family size is 3.46.
- 41.4% have children under the age of 18 staying with them. (US average: 32.8%)
- 36.6% are married couples living together. (US Average: 51.7%)
- 25.7% have a housewife without the presence of a husband. (US average: 12.2%)
- 30.9% is not a family. (US average: 31.9%)
- 25.5% of all households are individuals. (US average: 25.8%)
- 10.0% have a self-sufficient person 65 years of age or older. (US average: 9.2%)
In the city, the population has an average age of 30.0 years (US average: 35.3):
- 32.0% under the age of 18
- 11.1% from 18 to 24
- 30.3% from 25 to 44
- 16.7% from 45 to 64
- 9.8% is 65 years old or older.
For every 100 females, there are 91.6 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 86.8 men.
The average income for households in the city is $ 25,983 (US average: $ 41,994), and the average income for families is $ 29,809 (US average: $ 50,046). Men have an average income of $ 27,772 compared to $ 23,137 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 11,360. Approximately 21.2% of families (US average: 9.2%) and 34.3% (Average US: 12.4%) of the population are below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those aged under 18 years and 20.1% of those aged 65 years or older.
Lawrence Mayor Daniel Rivera said the city was "about 75% Spanish" following an incident in which non-English speaking callers were suspected of being hung by 911 operators.
Government
Local
Form of government:
Plan B - "Strong mayor" - Mayor and city council members are elected mostly and partly from the district or city district. The party is prohibited. Lawrence has a defined City Charter and with a Mayor council government. There are nine city council members and six members of the school committee; most are selected by the district; three members of the city council were elected widely. There are six districts in Lawrence and all elections are non-partisan. The mayor serves as the seventh member and head of the school committee. The city council chose one of his number as president who served as chairman of the board. Lawrence City also selected three members to the Lawrence Raya Technical School Committee of these elected members. City Council and Mayoral offices started in January.
* = President/Chairman
** = Vice President/Vice Chairman
Lawrence has his own police and fire department, and Lawrence General Hospital provides ambulance services to the city. The city also has its own public works and garbage pickup department.
State and federal
Lawrence is one of two districts in Essex County, along with Salem. As such, it is home to juvenile, district and superior courts, as well as the regional offices of the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles. It is also home to the Lawrence Correctional Alternative Center, a regional alternative prison for low-risk offenders. This is not a home for the county sheriff or district attorney; they were in Middleton (home to county prison) and Salem, respectively. The city is also covered by the barracks Andover A Force State Police of Massachusetts, which serves most of the western Merrimack Valley and several towns south of Andover.
Health Care
Lawrence General Hospital is the city's premier hospital, providing services to many areas in the southern city. Other nearby hospitals are in Methuen, Haverhill and Lowell. The city is also served by the Lawrence Family Health Center. Guardian Ambulance was established in 1990 and established in 1991 by local EMTs to serve the city during the economic downturn at the time. The station moved from the Tower Hill section to its current location on Marston Street in 1993.
Education
Public schools
The city has a public school system run by Lawrence Public Schools. In November 2011, Lawrence Public School was placed into a curator state by the Massachusetts Council of Basic & amp; Second lesson.
High School
- Lawrence High School
- High School Learning Center
- Lawrence Technical School - a regional technical high school serving four Andover, Lawrence, Methuen, and North Andover communities
Charter School
- Lawrence Family Development Charter School
- Public School Day Charter Day
Private school
Primary school
- The Bellesini Academy
- Esperanza Academy
- Lawrence Catholic Academy
SMA
- Central Catholic High School
- Notre Dame Cristo Rey High School
Higher education
Publik
- Northern Essex Community College
Private
- Cambridge College
- Suffolk University (North Campus)
Library
The Lawrence Public Library was founded in 1872. In fiscal 2008, the city of Lawrence spent 0.55% ($ 1,155,597) of its budget in the public library - about $ 16 per person.
Media and communications
The main newspaper of Lawrence is The Eagle-Tribune , one of the main newspapers for Merrimack Valley which was founded in Lawrence in 1890 but then moved its facility to the town of North Andover on Route 114. Lawrence is home to > Rumbo (English/Spanish bilingual paper) and Siglo 21 (Spanish paper). Another newspaper covering Lawrence's story is The Valley Patriot, a monthly paper published in North Andover. The city has one FM station, WEEI-FM 93.7, and four AM stations, WNNW 800, WCAP 980, WMVX 1110 and WLLH 1400. WMFP is the only television station operating outside the city, and the city is considered part from Boston television market.
Lawrence is served by Area Code 978 and 351. Originally part of the 617 area code, it became part of the 508 area code in 1988 before that, too, divided, with 978 covering the northern part of the old area code. Area code 351 is considered an overlay code.
Economy
New Balance has a shoe-making factory in Lawrence, one of five factories operating in the US.
Charm Science, which produces test kits and systems for antibiotics, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, pesticides, alkaline phosphatase, pathogens, ultimate microbial assessment, allergen control, and ATP cleanliness, has a laboratory at Lawrence.
Lawrence General Hospital, founded in 1875, is located near the city center.
Destination
- Bellevue Cemetery
- Campagnone Common
- Essex Arts Center
- Large Batu Dam
- High Service Water Tower and Reservoir
- Lawrence Community Works
- Lawrence Trial Station
- Lawrence Heritage State Park
- Lawrence Historical Center
- Lawrence Public Library
- The Sacred Heart Parish Complex
- Saint Alfio Society
- Semana Hispana (Hispanic Week)
- Veterans Memorial Stadium
Famous people
See also
- 1912 Lawrence textile strikes
- American Automobile and Power Company
- American Woolen Company
- Bread and Roses
- Malden Mills
- Company Noack Organ
- Pemberton Mill
- List of milling towns in Massachusetts
References
Bibliography
External links
- Lawrence Town's official website
- Photos from the Library of Congress on flickr.com
- Wall & amp; Gray. 1871 Atlas Massachusetts . Map of Massachusetts. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. New England. Counties - Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden, Worcester, Middlesex, Essex and Norfolk, Boston - Suffolk, Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable and Dukes (Cape Cod). Cities - Springfield, Worcester, Lowell, Lawrence, Haverhill, Newburyport, Salem, Lynn, Taunton, Fall River. New Bedford. Map 1871 from County and City is useful for viewing the railroad and rail.
- Beers, D.G. 1872 Atlas Essex County Map of Massachusetts Plate 5. Click on the map for very large images. Also see detailed map of 1872 Essex County Plate 7.
- Text on Wikisource:
- "Lawrence (Massachusetts)". New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
- "Lawrence (Massachusetts)". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). 1911.
- "Lawrence (Massachusetts)". New Student Reference Work . 1914. Ã ,
- Rix, George E. (1920). "Lawrence (Massachusetts)". Encyclopedia Americana .
- "Lawrence (Massachusetts)". The New Encyclopedia of Collier . 1921.
- The Commonwealth of Digital. Materials related to Lawrence, Mass., Dates.
- Library of Congress. Pictures associated with Lawrence, Mass., Different dates.
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