Peacock bass (Cichla ) is the genus of large cichlid, diurnal freshwater fish and native Amazon and orinoco predators, as well as rivers of Guianas, in South America tropical. They are sometimes referred to in English with their Brazilian name tucunarà © © or their Spanish name pavon . Despite their common names and their shallow commonality, they are not closely related to other fish known as bass, such as the North American largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ).
Peacock bass is an important food fish and is also considered a game fish. This resulted in them being accidental (escaping from fish farms) or deliberate (expelled by fishermen) to areas outside their home region, elsewhere in South America, and in the warmer parts of North America and Asia. Singles have been arrested elsewhere, including Australia, but it does not seem to be established there. When defined as introduced species, they can become invasive and damage the ecosystem due to their predatory behavior, feeding extensively on smaller native fish.
The largest species in the genus, the spotted peacock bass ( C. Temensis ), reaches up to 13 kg (29 Ib) heavy and 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, possibly making it the largest species of cichlid (another shows that the prize goes to the giant African cichlid, Boulengerochromis microlepis ). Other bass peacock species are smaller. They are sometimes kept in an aquarium, but even smaller species require a very large tank.
Video Peacock bass
Taxonomy and species
Setelah tinjauan taksonomi yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2006, 15 spesies Cichla diakui oleh FishBase:
- Cichla intermedia
Machado-Allison, 1971 (royal peacock bass) - Cichla jariina
S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (Jari peacock bass) - Cichla kelberi
S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (kelberi peacock bass) - Cichla melaniae
S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (Xingu peacock bass) - Cichla mirianae
S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (TapajÃÆ'³s peacock bass) - Cichla monoculus
Agassiz, 1831 (monoculus peacock bass, tucanare peacock bass) - Cichla nigromaculata
Jardine & amp; R. H. Schomburgk, 1843 - Cichla ocellaris
Bloch & amp; J. G. Schneider, 1801 (kupu-kupu peacock bass) - Cichla orinocensis
Humboldt, 1821 (Orinoco peacock bass) - Cichla pinima
S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (spotted peacock bass) - Cichla piquiti
S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (bass merak biru) - Cichla pleiozona
S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (Merak Danau Gatun) - Cichla temensis
Humboldt, 1821 (speckled pavon, bass merak berbintik-bintik, tiga-merak bass merak) - Cichla thyrorus S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (Trombetas peacock bass)
- Cichla vazzoleri
S. O. Kullander & amp; E. J. G. Ferreira, 2006 (bass merak Vazzoler)
In addition, undisclosed bass peacock species are known from TravessÃÆ'Â £ o and Lung Rivers in Brazil.
Traditionally, only five recognized peacock basses, but in review in 2006, nine new species were described and C. nigromaculata have been re-validated. In general, the various species have the same proportion and most of the meristics, but differ in color patterns (and ranges). This is similar to other diurnal cichlids, in which visual clues play important roles in behavior, including breeding. The speckled or triple-bred peacock ( C. Temensis ) has particularly caused problems due to its wide variation, but the mottled pattern has now been shown to be present in nonbreeders and three-barred when breeding. Although small variations are known from other adult bass peacock species, none of these indicate extreme variations of a mottled/three-barred peacock spray.
A genetic study published in 2012 has cast doubt on the validity of several species recognized in the study in 2006. Apart from the limited hybridization among many species, both in natural environments and in human-altered environments, some species do not show sufficient differentiation to imply reproductive isolation and/or independent evolutionary history. Among the species thought to be "good" species are C. intermedia , C. orinocensis , C. temensis , C. melaniae , C. mirianae , and C. piquiti . Other species are suggested to be part of two large meta-species or complex species, called Cichla pinima sensu lato (including C. Jariina, C. Thyrorus , and C. vazzoleri ) and C. ocellaris sensu lato (including C. monoculus , C. nigromaculata , C. pleiozona , and C. kelberi ). In contrast, a genetic study published in 2007 showed that two of those derived taxa, C. monoculus and C. pleiozone were valid species (this study did not have samples from some of the proposed species are more localized). Maps Peacock bass
Common names
Many names are commonly used for these fish in Brazil, the country of their largest native region. The most popular is tucunarÃÆ'Â © . In Spain, the common common name for these cichlids is pav? N . PavÃÆ'³n, in Spanish, means "peacock", while the Brazilian name comes from Tupi, the native language of India, and means "friend of the tree", as this peacock usually stays close to a submerged tree for hunting and protecting itself and nest.
Description
Spotted peacock bass is the largest species and can grow up to 1 m (3.3 m), and is probably the largest of all cichlid fish. Most display color patterns based on themes of three wide vertical lines on their bodies, sometimes with smaller intermediate ribbons, only gray, brown, yellow, or green backgrounds. They also show dots on their tail-like tail fin on peacock tail feathers - a feature that produces their common names (this "ocellus" is a common feature of South American cichlids, and allegedly to prevent predators and pyramidal fins. In addition, many adult fish (especially males, but also some females) develop real bulbs in their foreheads (nuchal humps) just before and during the rainy season, when fish generally lay their eggs. Other physical properties can vary greatly, depending on the species, individual, and stage of development. These include dark roses instead of lines, bright spots, and shades that impress the bright green, orange, blue, and gold. Very young fish show dark horizontal lines down half ( C. orinocensis, C. ocellaris, et al. ) or whole ( C. temensis, C. pinima, et al. ) body.
Conservation status
IUCN has not investigated the conservation status of bass peacock species. Therefore, they do not appear on the red list. Some species have relatively small distributions, and C. melaniae are confined to the lower Xingu River in areas that will be severely affected by the Belo Monte Dam.
As gamefish
The sports fishermen have made this cichlid fish very valuable for the quality of their battles, so much so that many travel agents now organize fishing trips to Brazil and Florida specifically to catch peacock bass.
Freshwater fish writer and famous American fisherman, Larry Larsen, calls them "freshwater bugers" because of their ferocious nature when hunting and their tendency to damage and sometimes damage fishing gear when attacked.
The most common technique for catching cichlids is similar to largemouth bass capture, with the notable exception that peacock bass usually will not attack artificial worms, baits that are widely used among largemouth bass fishermen. In addition, fishing techniques, including baits such as poppers and large ribbons, are becoming increasingly popular for their catch.
Introduction
Invasive Species
Peacock bass has been identified as an invasive species and the cause of ecological imbalances in some of the introduced regions.
The introduction of Peacock bass in the Rosana Reservoir and the upper ParanÃÆ'¡ River, both in Brazil, resulted in a 95% drop in the original fish density and an 80% reduction in wealth in just two years.
Some steps can protect the original fish once the bass peacock has been introduced. Reduction of native species riches in lakes with introduced bass peacocks was observed across all Gatun lakes, regardless of the presence of refugia macrophyte. After an initial increase in abundance, introducing peacock bass often depletes local prey and resorts to cannibalism.
In Gatun Lake Panama
Cichla cf. ocellaris was introduced to Panama through freshwater rivers in the Rio Chagres drainage area inadvertently in the late 1950s (experts are not sure of exact dates). A famous aquarist and doctor began to raise a peacock bass in a small pond in his backyard for sale as an aquarium fish. Within a year, heavy rain flooded the pond, causing several scratches to escape to the nearby river that flowed into Lake Gatun. In 1964, the nearby lakes and rivers and streams were ridden by cichlids, providing unprecedented fishing opportunities. From then on, C. cf. ocellaris has become the dominant sport fish species in the area.
The presence of a peacock bass in Panama has caused significant damage to the original fish collection, eliminating seven of the eleven common fish species, and significantly reducing the other three. The local extinction and decreasing abundance of many species leads to a decline in second-order effects on zooplankton and tertiary consumer communities. Malaria incidents are reported to have increased significantly in the area around Gatun after the abolition of prey fish that had previously maintained mosquito populations at lower levels. This is an example of how species introductions can have explicit consequences for human health.
In Florida
In 1984, after 10 years of study, Florida officials deliberately introduced a peacock bass butterfly and a peacock bass tail to the southern region of the state to prey on other non-native species, including oscar ( Astronotus ocellatus ), Midas cichlid ( Amphilophus citrinellus ), and see tilapia ( Tilapia mariae ). Their introduction also provides additional sport fishing opportunities for the anglers. While the peacock butterfly bass has grown in Florida, spotted peacock bass yet. Therefore, it is now illegal to kill or have a mottled peacock bass in Florida. The peacock butterfly bass is likely to thrive in canals and fresh water channels throughout southern Florida.
Because of their tropical origin, peacock bass can not tolerate low water temperatures. This has prevented them from becoming abundant in Florida outside Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade Counties.
Akuakultur
Tilapia farmers sometimes keep peacock bass to eat whatever spawn occurs among their fish, other than eating any invasive fish that pose a threat to young tilapia (eg sunfish, piranha). Spawning and parent maintenance reduced the growth rate of tilapia, so the introduction of Cichla is considered to maintain a high growth rate in tilapia.
They are also commercially bred for aquarium trading. Asia is one of the main sources for peacock bass peacock.
Peacock bass preys on every species that attracts their attention, but those who seem to be most interested are tilapia, crayfish, tadpoles, mosquitoes, small fish, and guppies. Also, they will feed their own children when other fish are scarce.
Quality eating
The quality of their meal was excellent. Their meat is white and sweet when cooked, and has little oil, making it similar to the taste of snapper or grouper. Also, they are not too skinny. However, most professional American anglers recommend practicing capturing and releasing this species to protect their numbers in the United States. To help ensure this, Florida Wildlife and Game Commission officials strictly enforce the bag limit for this fish.
References
External links
- Gatun Lake
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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