Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mouth and lips. This refers to an inflammatory process that affects the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration.
In its broadest sense, stomatitis can have many different causes and appearances. Common causes include infection, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others.
When gingivitis and the mouth generally appear on its own, sometimes the term gingivostomatitis is used, although this is sometimes also used as a synonym for herpes gingivostomatitis.
This term is derived from the Greek stoma ( ????? ), meaning "mouth", and suffix -itis ( - ???? ), which means "inflammation".
Video Stomatitis
Cause
Lack of nutrition
Malnutrition (inappropriate dietary intake) or malabsorption (poor absorption of nutrients into the body) can cause a state of nutritional deficiency, some of which can cause stomatitis. For example, iron deficiency, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid) or vitamin B12 (cobalamine) may manifest as stomatitis. Iron is required for enhancement of transcriptional elements for cell replication and repair. Iron deficiency can cause genetic downregulation of these elements, leading to ineffective repair and regeneration of epithelial cells, especially in the mouth and lips. Many disorders that cause malabsorption can cause deficiency, which in turn causes stomatitis. Examples include tropical canker sores.
Aphthous Stomatitis
Aphthous stomatitis (sprue) is the appearance of recurrent mouth ulcers in healthy individuals. The cause is not fully understood, but it is thought that the condition represents the T cell-mediated immune response induced by various factors. Individual ulcers (aphthae) recur periodically and recover completely, although in more severe forms, new ulcers may appear in other parts of the mouth before the long healing finishes. Aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa, and is thought to affect about 20% of the general population to some extent. Symptoms range from mild to paralyzing disorders in effect to eating, swallowing and speaking, and severe forms can cause people to lose weight. There is no cure for aphthous stomatitis, and therapy is aimed at reducing pain, reducing inflammation and promoting healing of boils, but there is little evidence of efficacy for any treatment that has been used.
Angular Stomatitis
Inflammation of the angle (angle) of the lips is called angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis. In children, the most common cause is repeated lip-licking, and in adults it may be a sign of an underlying iron deficiency anemia, or vitamin B deficiency (eg, , B 2 -riboflavin, B 9 -folate, or B 12 -cobalamin, which in turn may be evidence of poor diet or malnutrition such as celiac disease).
Also, angular cheilitis may be caused by the jaws of patients during rest being 'overclosed' due to edentulousness or tooth wear, causing the jaws to come to rest more closely together than if the complete/unaffected teeth are present. This causes skin folds around the corners of the mouth that are kept moist by saliva, which in turn helps the infection; mostly by Candida albicans or similar species. Treatment usually involves topical nystatin administration or similar antifungal agents. Other treatments can improve jaw relationships with dental care (eg, , dentures or occlusal adjustments).
This is a common condition that exists on dentures. It comes as a red but not painful mucosa under a denture. 90% of cases are associated with Candida species, and this is the most common form of oral candidiasis. Treatment is with antifungal drugs and improve dental hygiene, such as not wearing artificial teeth during sleep.
Allergic contact stomatitis
Allergic contact stomatitis (also called "allergic gingivostomatitis" or "allergic contact gingivostomatitis") is a type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in susceptible atopic individuals when allergens penetrate the skin or mucosa.
Allergens, which may be different for different individuals, combine with proteins derived from the epithelium, form haptens bound to Langerhans cells in the mucosa, which in turn present antigens on their surface to T lymphocytes, awaken them to the antigen and cause it. produces many specific clones. The second time a specific antigen is found, an inflammatory reaction is triggered at the site of exposure. Allergic contact stomatitis is less common than allergic contact dermatitis because the mouth is coated with saliva, which ishes the antigen and acts as a barrier. The oral mucosa is also more vascular (has a better blood supply) than the skin, which means that any faster antigen is removed from the region by the circulation. Finally, substantially less keratin in the oral mucosa, which means that there is less chance that the haptens will be formed.
Allergic contact stomatitis appears as non-specific inflammation, so it can be mistaken for chronic physical irritation. There may be a burning sensation or pain in the mouth and ulceration. Chronic exposure to allergens can cause lichenoid lesions. Plasma cell gingivitis may also occur, which may be accompanied by glossitis and cheilitis.
Allergens that can cause allergic contact stomatitis in some individuals include cinnamaldehyde, Peral Balsam, peppermint, mercury, gold, pyrophosphate, zinc citrate, free acrylic monomer, nickel, fluoride, and sodium lauryl sulphate. These allergens can come from many sources, including various foods and beverages, chewing gum, toothpaste, mouthwash, dental floss, dental fillings, dentures, orthodontic bands or wires, and many other sources. If a substance containing allergens comes into contact with the lips, allergic contact of cheilitis may occur, along with allergic contact stomatitis.
Diagnosis is confirmed by patch test, and management is done by avoiding exposure to allergens.
Stomatitis migrate
Migratory stomatitis (or geographical stomatitis) is an atypical presentation of a condition that usually appears on the tongue, called a geographic tongue. Geographical tongue is so named because there is atrophy, an area of ​​erythematous depapillation that migrates over time, giving it a map-like appearance.
In migratory stomatitis, other mucosal sites in the mouth, such as the ventral surface (lower surface) of the tongue, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, soft palate, or floor of the mouth may be afflicted with identical lesions, usually next to the tongue. Besides not limited to the tongue, migratory stomatitis is a condition that is identical in all things with geographical language. Another synonym for the geographical tongue that uses the term stomatitis is "stomatitis areata migrans".
Herpes Gingivostomatitis
This is a mouth inflammation caused by the herpes simplex virus.
Irradiation and chemotherapy
Stomatitis can also be caused by chemotherapy, or radiation therapy from the oropharyngeal area. The term "mucositis" is sometimes used synonymously with stomatitis, but the former usually refers to a mucosal reaction to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract and not just in the mouth.
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis
The term Nicotine Stomatitis
Also called keratosis palatum smokers, this condition can occur in smokers, especially pipe smokers. The ceiling looked dry and cracked, and white due to keratosis. Minor salivary glands appear as small, red and swollen bulges. This is not a premalignant condition, and its appearance reverses if it stops smoking.
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a newly discovered condition with specific immunopathologic features. It is characterized by recurrent and lost erosion and ulceration. Lesions are located in the buccal mucosa (inside the cheeks) or in the gingiva (gum). The condition resembles Oral lichen planus when biopsied.
Diagnosis is made by Immunofluorescence technique, which shows circulating and bonded circulating autoantibodies (special-purpose multi-stratified particulate antibodies) to the DeltaNp63alpha protein, the normal component of the epithelium. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine.
Plasma cell gingivostomatitis
Terms such as plasma cell gingivostomatitis, atypical gingivostomatitis and idiopathic gingivostomatitis are sometimes synonymous with plasma cell gingivitis, or specifically to refer to the severe. plasma cell gingivitis.
Other forms of stomatitis
- Periodic fevers, aphthous stomatitis syndrome, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) - occur in children.
- Uremic stomatitis - a rare form of stomatitis with renal failure.
- Vegetation of piostomatitis
- Bovine papular stomatitis
Maps Stomatitis
References
External links
- 5-Minute Clinical Consultation Stomatitis
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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