Xylitol is an alcohol sugar used as a sweetener. This name comes from the Ancient Greek: ????? , xyl [on] , "wood" suffix -itol , is used to indicate sugar alcohol. Xylitol is categorized as a polyalcohol or sugar alcohol (especially alditol). It has the formula CH 2 OH (CHOH) 3 CH 2 OH. It is a colored or white solid that is soluble in water. The use of manufactured products containing xylitol can reduce tooth decay.
Video Xylitol
Struktur, produksi, kejadian
Unlike most sugar alcohols, xylitol is akiral. Most of the pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol isomers are chiral, but xylitol has a symmetry plane.
Industrial production starts from xylan, hemicellulose, which is extracted from hardwood or corncobs. This polymer can be hydrolyzed into xylose, which is catalytically hydrogenated to xylitol. Conversion converts sugar (xylose, aldehyde) into primary alcohol (xylitol).
Another method of producing xylitol is through microbial processes, including fermentative and biocatalytic processes in bacteria, fungi, and yeast cells, which utilize xylose-intermediate fermentation to produce high xylitol yields. Common yeast cells used to ferment and produce xylitol are Candida tropicalis and Candida guilliermondii .
Maps Xylitol
Food properties
Xylitol is approved as a food additive in the United States. One gram of xylitol contains 2.43 kilocalories (10.2 kilojoules), or 63% of one gram of sugar (3.87 kcal (16.2 kJ).xylitol has a glycemic index of 7 (100 for glucose).In some people, xylitol can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including abdominal bloating, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome.The subjects in one study consumed a large amount of xylitol 1.5 kg per week (3.3 pounds) for two years (maximum daily intake of more than 400 g (14 oz ), producing gastrointestinal symptoms in some people.
Health aspects
General products
Xylitol is used as an artificial sweetener in manufactured products, such as medicines or dietary supplements, candies, toothpaste, and chewing gums, but not ordinary household sweeteners. Xylitol has a negligible effect on blood sugar and insulin. Absorbed more slowly than sugar and does not supply calories, it does not affect blood sugar levels.
Dental care
Xylitol is a nonfermentable sugar alcohol that may have an advantage in dental care as compared to other polyalcohols. Two systematic reviews of clinical trials found no evidence that xylitol is superior to other polyols such as sorbitol or similar to topical fluoride in anti-cavity effects. In 33-month Xylitol for Adult Caries Trial, participants were given a good throat loch from five grams of xylitol or placebo injected. Although this study initially found no statistically significant decrease in caries increase for 33 months in adults at increased risk of developing cavities, further examination of data from this study showed a significant decrease in root caries occurrence in the group receiving xylitol.
In a preliminary study compared to sweetened sweetened gum, xylitol was associated with fewer cavities. The cavity-causing bacteria prefer a six-carbon sugar or disaccharide, while xylitol can not be fermented and is not used as an energy source. This same trait makes it unsuitable for making bread because it interferes with the ability of yeast to digest sugar. The perception of sweet taste obtained from consuming xylitol causes a secretion of saliva that acts as a buffer against the acidic environment created by microorganisms in dental plaque. Increased salivation may increase the pH into neutral range within minutes of xylitol consumption.
A review of the effects of xylitol on cavities suggests that the body of evidence is of low to very low quality and is insufficient to determine whether other xylitol-containing products can prevent tooth decay in infants, older children, or adults.
Weight management
Processed foods containing xylitol as an unhealthy sweetener may be useful for regulating weight.
Toxicity
In humans
Xylitol has no known toxicity in humans; However, some heart reports are pounding after taking them. In one study, participants consumed a monthly average of 1.5 kg of xylitol with a maximum daily intake of 430 g with no apparent ill effects. Like most sugar alcohols, xylitol has a laxative effect because the alcohol sugar is not completely damaged during digestion; However, the effect varies from person to person. In one study of 13 children, four diarrhea were experienced from the xylitol laxative effect when they ate more than 65 grams per day. Studies have reported that adaptation occurs after several weeks of consumption.
Like other sugar alcohols, with the exception of erythritol, the consumption of xylitol exceeds one's "laxative threshold" (the amount of sweetener that can be consumed before abdominal discomfort occurs) may cause temporary gastrointestinal side effects, such as bloating, flatulence. , and diarrhea. Adaptation (ie increased laxation threshold) occurs with regular intake. Xylitol has a lower laxative threshold than some sugar alcohols but is more readily tolerated than mannitol and sorbitol.
In dog
Xylitol is often fatal for dogs. According to the American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty (ASPCA) Animal Poison Control Center, the number of cases of dog xylitol toxicity has increased significantly since the first report in 2002. Dogs who have eaten foods contain xylitol (more than 100%). milligrams of xylitol consumed per kilogram of body weight) has been presented with low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can be life-threatening. Low blood sugar can lead to loss of coordination, depression, collapse and seizures in just 30 minutes. Intake of doses of xylitol (over 500 to 1000 mg/kg body weight) has implications for liver failure in dogs, which can be fatal.
In the wild bird
Thirty bird sugarbirds died within 30 minutes after drinking a solution made with xylitol from a feeder in a garden in Hermanus, South Africa. It is thought that it triggers a massive release of insulin, causing an irreversible decrease in blood sugar.
See also
- Aspartame
- Birch sap
- L -Xylulose reductase
- Xylonic acid
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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