Henry Every , also Avery or Evory , (August 23 1659 - the time of uncertain death, perhaps 1699) is sometimes mistakenly given as Jack Avery or John Avery , is a British pirate who operated in the Atlantic Ocean and the Indies in the mid 1690s. He may use several aliases throughout his career, including Benjamin Bridgeman , and is known as Long Ben for his crew and colleagues.
Nicknamed "The Arch Pirate" and "The King of Pirates" by contemporaries, Every is famous. He gets his wickedness by being one of the few major pirate captains to retire with his loot without being captured or killed in battle, and for being the perpetrator of what is called the most profitable pirate theft in history. Although Everyone's career as a pirate lasts only two years, his exploits capture the public's imagination, inspire others to take piracy, and spawn literary works.
Each was born at Newton Ferrers in southwest England and possibly a member of every local family. He served in the Royal Navy from 1689 until 1690. After leaving the navy, he started a slave trade along the African Slave Coast. In 1693, he was again employed as a sailor, this time as the first couple on the warship Charles II . After leaving London in August 1693, Charles II anchored in the northern Spanish port of Corunna. The crew became dissatisfied because Spain failed to send a marque letter and the owner of Charles II failed to pay their wages. On May 7, 1694, anxious sailors rebelled; Charles II renamed Fancy and Each was elected as the new captain. The Fancy sailed south to the Indian Ocean, immediately looting five ships off the coast of West Africa.
In early 1695, Fancy had reached the Comoros Islands, where Every crew raided a French ship and narrowly escaped capture by three ships of East Indiamen. The
The Ganj-i-sawi robbery caused great damage to the fragile British relationship with the Mughal family. In response to Every's attack, the combined prize of Ã, 1,000 pounds - a large sum at the time - was offered for take by the Advisory Board and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide hunt in the history record. Each and his crew fled to the Bahamas, briefly taking refuge in New Providence, a known pirate paradise. After adopting the alias, the crew decided to leave, most chose to sail back to the British Isles and the rest remaining in the British West Indies or go to the North American colonies. Twenty-four pirates were eventually arrested, and 6 people on trial, sentenced, and hanged in London in November 1696. But every blurred arrest, disappeared from all records in 1696; its existence and activity after this period is unknown. Unconfirmed accounts state that he may have changed his name and retired, secretly living the rest of his life in England or an unknown tropical island, dying around 1696. Colin Woodard declares that Everyone, in trying to wash his fortune into the currency , has been defeated by rich landowners and "died as a poor beggar who can not afford to buy his own coffin." Many believe that Every's treasure is not found.
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The modern scholarship shows Every born on August 20, 1659 in the village of Newton Ferrers, about 9.7 kilometers (6 mi) southeast of Plymouth, Devon. The parish record shows that he may be the son of John Avery and his wife, Anne (unknown girl name); Every Devonshire family was well established at the time, and it was likely that he was a relative of Everys of Wycroft Castle. According to deposition William Phillips, a member of Every crew who gave "voluntary recognition" after his arrest, in August 1696 Every "around 40 years of age," his mother lives "near Plymouth," and his wife is a living merchant resident "on Ratcliffe Highway. Each married and records indicate that he may marry Dorothy Arther at St James Duke's Place in London on September 11, 1690, although there is no evidence that he has children.
The earliest biographical narrative of the man, Captain John Avery's Life and Adventure (London: J. Baker, 1709), states that he was born in 1653 in Cattedown, Plymouth. Although these locations and dates are now known to be false, they are often cited in previous literature. (Another year suggested for Every birth is 1665, although this is also a mistake.) The author of a book written by the Dutch, who wrote his account a little over a decade after the pirates have disappeared, using the name Adrian van Broeck, but this is probably a pseudonym. This account tells of Van Broeck's short detention by Every crew on board the Fancy ship, and claims that Every's father was a trade captain who had served in the Royal Navy under Admiral Robert Blake. A few notes later on Everyone's life, the most famous of Daniel Defoe's The King of Pirates (1720), has referred to his earlier work, but this is a questionable truth and has been described by the National Biographical Diction as "fiction, with almost no substrate of fact."
Although there is a theory that Every's birth name is Benjamin Bridgeman (especially given his nickname "Long Ben"), and that "Henry Every" is actually an alias, modern scientists have denied it. It is accepted by the historian that "Every Henry" is the real name of the pirate, given that he used this name when he entered the Royal Navy. Because of this before the start of his piracy career, he did not need an alias; That is, Every just uses the name "Bridgeman" after doing piracy. Every possible cousin of any famous baronet, though this has not been proven convincingly.
Each may be a sailor of the youth, serving on various Royal Navy ships. Popular accounts state that Each is presented above the British fleet that bombarded Algeria in 1671, rode in the Caribbean Sea, and even captained a wooden vessel in Campeche Bay, although these stories are derived from Adrian van Broeck's fiction memoirs. The record proved to take place in March 1689, shortly after the break of the Nine Years War.
The Great Alliance - Bavaria, England, the Dutch Republic, the Palatinate, Saxony and Spain - is fighting against Louis XIV of France in an attempt to stop the expansion, and it is the background that Every now in his early thirties works as a knight in on the HMS Rupert ship of the HMS Rupert , then under the command of Sir Francis Wheeler. Each navy record shows he is a dedicated family man, spending "a little of his salary on extras like tobacco and regularly handing his salary to his family."
In mid-1689, HMS Slave trade
Once out of the navy, Every entered the Atlantic slave trade. According to the memoir of Peter Henry Bruce, a West Indian merchant who wrote several decades after the disappearance of Every, from 1690 to 1692 Every illegal trade of slaves under the later protection of the Bahamian-governor, Cadwallader Jones. Between 1660 and 1698, the Royal African Company maintained a monopoly over all British slave trade, making it illegal to sell slaves without a license. To ensure compliance, Royal Navy protects the Company's interests along the West African coast. Though illegal, unauthorized slaves can be a very profitable company, because Every one is certainly aware; the profit prospect ensures that the violation of the Company's monopoly by "interlopers" (unlicensed slaves) remains a fairly common crime.
In 1693, Each was identified in a journal prepared by the agency of African Royal Company, Captain Thomas Phillips of Hannibal, then on a coastal Guinea shrink mission, which wrote: "I have no where on the beach met with a nigger - nord are so shy as here, it makes me happy they have a trick to play it with a knife like Long Ben, aka Avery, who has confiscated them and taken him away. "(Everyone is known to lure prospective slave traders to his ship by flying British colors and captured the slave merchants themselves and their chains in the lap of their ships with their former captives.) Captain Phillips, who according to his own writings has found Every on more than one occasion - and perhaps even personally known - is also alluded to as each the slave trade under the commission of Issac Richier, the unpopular lonely governor who was later removed from his position due to his carousing behavior. However, the work of any slave trade is relatively undocumented.
Maps Henry Every
Blond Career
Spanish Expedition Shipping
In the spring of 1693, several London-based investors led by Sir James Houblon, a wealthy merchant who hoped to revive a stale British economy, assembled an ambitious effort known as Spanish Expeditionary Shipping. This effort consists of four warships: the pink, the Seventh Son, also the Dove frigate (where the famous navigator William Dampier is the second spouse), James and Charles II (sometimes incorrectly given as Duke ).
Charles II has been commissioned by a British ally, Charles II of Spain (ship name), to prey on a French ship in the West Indies. Under a Spanish trade and rescue license, the company's mission is to sail to the West Indies of Spain, where the convoy will trade, supply Spain with weapons, and recover the treasures of destroyed galleons while robbing French goods in the area. Investors promise to pay sailors well: the contract sets a guaranteed monthly wage to be paid every six months during placement, with the first month's payment paid up front before the start of the mission. Houblon personally boarded the ship and met the crew, convincing them of their payment. Indeed, all wages until 1 August 1693, not long before the start of the mission, were paid on that date.
As a result of previous experience in the navy, Every was promoted to the first pair after joining the Spanish Expedition. The four convoy ships were ordered by Admiral Sir Don Arturo O'Byrne, an Irish nobleman who previously served in the Spanish Navy. This was a strange occurrence at the time and many people thought it was sick for an Irishman to control the British fleet. Indeed, the journey was soon in trouble, because the ship's captain, John Strong, a career sailor who had previously served with Sir William Phips, died when the ship was still at the harbor. Though he was replaced by Captain Charles Gibson, this was not the last of the misfortunes of that venture.
In early August 1693, four warships sailed down the Thames on the way to the town of Corunna in northern Spain. The trip to Corunna should have taken two weeks, but for some reason the ships did not arrive in Spain until five months later. Worse, the required legal documents apparently failed to arrive from Madrid, so the ship was forced to wait. As the months passed and the documents still had not arrived, the sailors found themselves in an uncomfortable position: without money to send home to support their families and unable to find alternative sources of work, they had become virtual prisoners in Corunna.
After a few months at the harbor, the men petitioned their captain for a fee they should have received since their work began. If this request has been granted, the people are no longer tied to the ship and can easily leave, so it can be predicted that their application will be rejected. After the same appeal to James Houblon by the men's wives also failed, many of the sailors became discouraged, believing that they had been sold into slavery to Spain.
On May 1, when the fleet finally prepared to leave Corunna, the men demanded payment for six months or threatened to strike. Houblon refused to agree to this demand, but Admiral O'Byrne, looking at the seriousness of the situation, wrote to the British asking for money owed to his men. However, on May 6th several sailors were involved in a dispute with Admiral O'Byrne, and probably around this time that they drafted a plan to rebel and start recruiting others. One of the people who recruited someone else was Henry Every. Like William Phillips, a sailor at Dove, will testify, Everyone goes up and down from Ship to Ship & persuades people to accompany him & he will take them where they should earning enough money. "Because Every has a lot of experience and is also born in a lower social rank, he is a natural choice for ordering rebellion, because the crew believes he will have the best interests at heart.
Rebellion and ascension to captain
On Monday, May 7, 1694, Admiral O'Byrne was scheduled to sleep on the beach, which gave them the opportunity they were looking for. At about 09:00, Everyone and about twenty-five others rushed up to Charles II and surprised the crew on board. Captain Gibson lay in bed at that moment, so the rebellion ended without bloodshed. One account states that the extra man from James stops on a long boat beside the ship and gives a password, saying, "Is a drunk boatman on board?" before joining the rebellion. Captain Humphreys of James is also said to have summoned to Everyone who was left behind, who Every calmly replied that he knew well. The James then fired on Charles II , warned Night Watch of Spain, and Every forced to flee to the open sea, quickly disappeared into the night.
After sailing far enough for the sake of salvation, Each gives the non-conspirators the opportunity to go ashore, even respectfully offering to let Captain Gibson order the ship if he will join their troops. According to Charles Ellms, Every word for Gibson is, "if you have the mind to make one of us, we will accept you, and if you change consciously, and attend the business, maybe in time I can get you from my lieutenant; if not, this is the boat, and you will be placed on the beach. "The captain descended and landed on several other sailors. The only person who was prevented from going voluntarily was the ship's surgeon, whose service was considered too important to be forgotten. Everyone left on board the ship Charles II unanimously voted on every ship captain. Some reports say that Every is extremely rude in his dealings with Captain Gibson, but agrees that he at least offers him a second spouse position. In both cases, Each shows a number of generosity and generosity in his rebellious operation which shows that his motive is not merely an adventure.
Everyone is easily able to convince people to sail to the Indian Ocean as a pirate, because their initial mission is very similar to piracy and Every is famous for its persuasive power. He may have mentioned the success of Thomas Tew capturing the big prize in the Red Sea just a year earlier. The crew quickly settled the payment issue by deciding that each member would get a share of the treasure, and the captain would get two. Each later renamed to Charles II ​​â € <â €
In Maio, the island of Sotavento in the easternmost Cape Verde, Every doing the first hijacking, robbed three British merchants from Barbados provisions and supplies. Nine men from these ships were quickly persuaded to join the Every crew, now numbering around ninety-four. Everyone then sailed to the coast of Guinea, where he deceived the local tribal chief to board the Fancy ship under the false pretense of trade, and forcibly took away his wealth and his people, leaving them slaves. Continue to embrace the coastline of Africa, Each then stops at Bioko in the Bight of Benin, where Fancy is secured and leveled. By cutting some of the superstructure to increase the speed of the ship, Fancy became one of the fastest boats sailing in the Atlantic Ocean. In October 1694, the Fancy captured two Danish homers near the island of PrÃÆ'ncipe, peeling off ivory and gold vessels and welcoming about seventeen people who defected on board.
In early 1695, Fancy finally rounded the Cape of Good Hope, stopping in Madagascar where the crew replenished supplies, possibly in St. Augustine's Bay. The Fancy stops at Johanna Island on the Comoros Islands. Here every crew rests and takes provisions, then catches the passing French pirate ship, looted the ship and recruited about forty crew to join his own company. Its total strength is now around 150 people.
In Johanna, Every wrote a letter addressed to the British ship commander in the Indian Ocean, falsely claiming that he had not attacked any British ship. His letter describes the signals that British skippers could use to identify themselves so that they could avoid them, and warned them that he might not be able to detain his crew from looting their ships if they failed to use the signal. It is unclear whether this document is true, but may be a way by Every to avoid the attention of the East India Company, whose large and powerful ship is the only threat Fancy has faced in India. Oceans. Either way, the letter did not succeed in preventing English from chasing him.
Grand Mughal Fleet
In 1695, each set sailed to the Perim volcanic island to await the fleet of India that would soon pass. (The fleet made an annual pilgrimage to Mecca, so the knowledge of the estimated time of the pilgrims going back home may already be available.) The fleet is easily the richest gift in Asia - possibly worldwide - and any pirate who captures it will be a plunderer the most profitable sea in the world. In August 1695,
The Dolphin proved to be too slow, lagging behind the rest of the pirate ship, so it was burned and the crew joined Every on the
Each now sails in the pursuit of the second Mughal ship, which is Ganj-i-Sawai (meaning "Exceeded Treasure," and is often Licensed as Gunsway ), overtakes it a few days after the attack on Fateh Muhammed . With Amity and Dolphin left, just Fancy , Pearl and Portsmouth Adventure present for the actual battle.
The Ganj-i-sawai , captured by one Muhammad Ibrahim, was a frightening opponent, deploying eighty guns and four hundred armed guards, and six hundred other passengers. But a volley opens the opportunity, as every lucky side shoots his main enemy on the board. With Ganj-i-sawai unable to escape, Fancy is interested next to it. For a moment, Indian firearm fire prevented the pirates from climbing onto the ship, but one of the cannons rampant, instantly killing many and demoralizing the crew India, who ran under the deck or struggled to extinguish the spreading fire. Everyone takes advantage of the confusion, quickly scaling the sharp side of Ganj-i-sawai '. The Pearl crew, initially afraid of attacking Ganj-i-sawai, now take heart and join Every crew on the Indian boat deck. A fierce hand-to-hand fight is now happening, lasting two to three hours.
Muhammad Hashim Khafi Khan, a contemporary Indian historian who was in Surat at the time, wrote that, since every man boarded a ship, Ganj-i-sawai ' ran under the deck at where he armed the slave girls and sent them to fight the pirates. The story of Khafi Khan about the battle, appearing in his multivolume work The History of India, as Narrated by Historians Alone, puts the error right on Captain Ibrahim for failure, writes: "Christians do not dare to use swords , and there are so many weapons on the royal ship that if the captain has made a fight, they must be defeated. "However, after several hours of stubborn resistance but without a fight, the ship surrendered. In his defense, Captain Ibrahim later reported that "many enemies were sent to hell." Indeed, a losing crew may have suffered anywhere from a few to more than a hundred victims, giving these numbers uncertain.
According to Khafi Khan, the victorious pirates subjugated their prisoners to a horror party that lasted several days, raping and killing the deceased prisoner's deck by the deck. The pirates reportedly used torture to extract information from their prisoners, who had hidden the treasure in the hold of the ship. Some Muslim women seem to commit suicide to avoid abuses, while women who do not commit suicide or die of brutality are brought to the Fancy ship.
Although the story of brutality by pirates has been rejected by sympathizers as sensationalism, they are corroborated by the deposition that everyone gives after their arrest. John Sparkes testified in his "Last Dying Words and Confession" that "the inhumane treatment and the merciless torture inflicted upon the poor Indians and their women still affect his soul," and that, while apparently disrespecting his piracy act , the "lesser concern," he remained sorry for "the awful wickedness he did, even only on the bodies of the unbelievers." Philip Middleton testified that several Indian men were killed while they also "committed some torture" and people Each "lies with the women on the ship, and there are some who, from their jewelry and custom, seem to have better qualities than others." Subsequently, on October 12, 1695 Sir John Gayer, the Bombay governor and president of East India Company, sent a letter to Lords of Trade, wrote:
It is certain that Pyrates, whom these people believe all speak English, do very harshly by the People of Ganj-i-sawai and the Ship Abdul Gofor, to make them recognize where their Money is, and there happens to be a large Umbraws Wife (like Wee heard) associated with the King, returning from Pilgrimage to Mecha, in his old age. She is deeply tortured, and forces all other women, who cause one person's Quality, Wife and Nurse, to commit suicide to prevent the husbands from scowling them (and their whereabouts).
Later reports will tell about how Everyone has found "something more jewelful than jewelry" on the ship, usually reported as the daughter or grandson of Emperor Aurangzeb. (According to contemporary East India Company sources, Ganj-i-sawai brought the Emperor's "relatives", though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and his entourage.), This is contrary to the deposition of Philip Middleton, who testified that "all men Charles ', except Every, up [ Fateh Muhammed and Ganj-i-sawai ] by Apparently. "After all, the survivors were left on their empty ship, hijacked by pirates to continue their journey back to India. The spoils from Ganj-i-sawai , the largest ship in the Muslim fleet, amounted to between £ 200,000 and Ã, Â £ 600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver. All told, it's probably the richest ship ever taken by pirates (see Career of wealth below). All these things combined make every pirate the richest in the world.
Sharing spoils
The pirates are now busy dividing up their treasures. Although it is sometimes reported that Every uses his phenomenal persuasive skills to convince other captains to abandon Mughal booty in his care, it quickly slips away into the night with all the catch, this comes from Charles Johnson A Common History of Pyrates , unreliable account. A more reliable source indicates that there is a truncated coin exchange between the crew Pearl and Fancy , with the angry man all who confiscated Pearl Treasure < span> '. (The Portsmouth Adventure was observed but did not take part in the battle with Ganj-i-sawai , so Captain Faro's crew did not receive any of his property.) Everyone then gave Captain Mayes 2,000 pieces eight (maybe the estimated amount as the property taken will be in the Indian and Arab coins of different denominations) to buy the inventory, and immediately part ways.
The Fancy sailed for Bourbon, arriving in November 1695. Here the crew shared Ã, Â £ 1,000 (about Ã, Â £ 93,300 to Ã, Â £ 128,000 today) per person, more money than most seafarers do in their lives. On top of this, everyone receives an additional piece of gemstone. As Every Promise has promised, his men now find themselves overwhelmed with "enough gold to dazzle the eye." However, this great victory basically made Every and his crew mark the people, and there was a lot of disagreement among the crew about the best place to sail. The French and Danish decided to leave Every crew, preferring to live on Bourbon. The remaining people set up the course, after some showdown, to Nassau in the Bahamas, Any purchase of about ninety slaves shortly before sailing. Along the way, the slaves will be used for the toughest work on the ship and, being "the most consistent item in the trade", can later be traded for whatever the pirates want. In this way, Every man is avoided using their foreign currency, which may reveal their identity.
Sailing from the Indian Ocean to the Bahamas is a journey across the globe, and Fancy has to stop along the road on Ascension Island, located in the middle of the Atlantic. The barren island was uninhabited, but the men were able to catch fifty sea turtles crawling on land to lay their eggs on the beach, giving them enough food for the rest of the trip. However, around seventeen of the crew Everyone refuses to go further and linger on the island.
Aftermath and manhunt
The seizure of the treasure ship of Emperor Aurangzeb had serious consequences for Britain, who came at a time of crisis for the East India Company, whose profits are still recovering from the disastrous Child War. The company has seen its total annual imports drop from the Ã, Â £ 800,000 peak at 1684, to just Ã, Â £ 30,000 in 1695, and Every's attack now threatens the existence of UK trade in India. When damaged Ganj-i-sawai finally wobbled his way back to the port of Surat, the news of pirate attacks on the pilgrims - immoral acts that, like the rape of Muslim women, were considered a Hajj violation that did not forgiven - spread quickly. The local Indian governor, Itimad Khan, immediately captured the English subject in Surat and continued to oversee them, partly as a punishment for the destruction of their country and partly for their own protection from the riots of the local population. The angry Aurangzeb quickly shut down four corporate factories in India and imprisoned the officers, almost ordering an armed attack against the city of Bombay in Britain with the aim of expelling Britain from India.
To placate Aurangzeb, the East India Company pledged to pay all financial reparations, while Parliament declared the pirate hostis humani generis ("the enemy of mankind"). In mid-1696, the government issued a prize of £ 500 on each head and offered a free pardon to every informant who revealed his whereabouts. When the East India Company then doubled that reward, the world's first recorded hunt in history was ongoing. The Crown also promises to exclude Any of all the Stories of Grace (amnesty) and amnesty which will then be issued to other pirates. For it is now known that Every is taking refuge somewhere in the Atlantic colonies, where he may find salvation among corrupt colonial rulers, Everyone out of the jurisdiction of the East India Company. This makes it a national problem. Thus, the Council of Trade is tasked with coordinating the hunt for each and his crew.
Escape to New Providence
Meanwhile, Fancy has reached St. Thomas, where the pirates sold some of their possessions. In March 1696, The
For Governor Trott, this proved a lucrative offer. The Nine-Year War has been raging for eight years, and the island, which has not been visited by the Royal Navy in a few years, is really a shortage of people. Trott knew that France had recently captured Exuma, 140 miles southeast, and now headed for New Providence. With only sixty or seventy people living in the city, half of them served guard duty at one time, there was no practical way to keep twenty-eight Fort Nassau guns fully guarded. However, if the
Trott holds a meeting of Nassau's government council, who may argue that interrupts are a fairly common crime and not a sufficient reason to get rid of people, whose presence is now helping Nassau's security. The council agreed to allow Fancy to enter the port, apparently never told about personal bribes. Trott sent a letter to Captain Bridgeman instructing him that his crew "are welcome to come and go as he pleases." Soon after, Trott met each person on the ground in a place that must have been a closed meeting. The Fancy was later handed over to the governor, who discovered that an extra bribe - fifty tons of ivory ivory, a hundred barrels of gunpowder, a few crates of firearms and ammunition, and an assortment of anchor ships - left in the hold for him.
The wealth of foreign-printed coins could not have escaped from Trott. He must have known that the crew was not just a slick slave, probably noting the battle damage patched in Fancy. When the word finally reaches that the Royal Navy and East India Company are hunting for Fancy and that "Captain Bridgeman" is Everyone, Trott denied ever knowing anything about the history of pirates other than what they told him, insisted that the islanders "see no reason not to trust them." This he argues despite the fact that the proclamation of arrests of pirates specifically warns that Every crew could "be known and discovered by the large amounts of Gold and Silver from the Coines forreign they have with them." Meanwhile, however, Every man is free to frequently visit the city pubs. Nevertheless, the crew soon find themselves disappointed with the Bahamas; the islands are sparsely populated, which means that there is almost no place to spend the money they have pirated. Over the next few months pirates spend most of their time living in relative boredom. Right now Trott had disarmed Vanishing Actions
When the proclamation for the arrest of Each and his crew reaches Trott, he is forced to issue an arrest warrant Every or, if failing to do so, effectively disclose his relationship with the pirates. Preferring the previous choice for his reputation, he reminded the authorities of the pirate presence, but could notify Every and his crew before the authorities arrived. Everyone of 113 people then formed their fast escape, disappearing from the island with only twenty-four people ever arrested, five of whom were executed. Everyone is never seen again. His last words to his people were a series of conflicting stories about where he was going, perhaps intended to drive the pursuer out of his tracks.
It has been suggested that since each can not buy clemency from Trott or from the Jamaican governor, each crew split up, some remaining in the West Indies, the majority headed to North America, and the rest, including Every, returned to Britain. Of this amount, some sailed aboard the sloop Isaac , while Every and about twenty others sailed on the Sea Flower boat (captain Joseph Faro) to Ireland by the end of June 1696 They aroused suspicion when dismantling their property, and two of the men were later arrested. Each, however, was able to escape once more.
Fate
British author and pirate biographer Charles Johnson suggested that, after trying to sell his diamond, Every died in poverty in Devon after being deceived from his wealth by Bristol merchants. However, it is unclear how Johnson could find this. If Every is known to live in poverty, it is highly unlikely that he will not be caught and great gifts on his head are gathered. Thus, to consider this fate for Every may have been a kind of moral propaganda on the part of Johnson. Others say that after Every changed his name, he settled in Devon and lived the rest of his life peacefully, dying on June 10, 1714; However, the source for this information is the History and Life of All the Most Renowned Pirates and Their Crew (London: Edw Midwinter, 1732), considered an unreliable (and slightly expanded) reprint of Johnson General History . In October 1781 John Knill Customs Collector in St Ives, Cornwall held a meeting with Every offspring that stated that his father had told him that Every Captain, after wandering in poverty and great tribulation, had died in Barnstaple, and was buried as a poor man..?
As the hunt for Every continues in the decade after his departure, sightings are often reported, but nothing proves reliable. After the publication of a fictitious memoir in 1709, which claims that Every is the king who rules a pirate utopia in Madagascar, the popular account is increasingly romantic, more legendary (see in contemporary literature ). Although such stories are widely believed by the public, they have no basis in reality. No reliable information about the existence or activities Everyone appears after June 1696.
Fate of Every crew
North American Colonies
About seventy-five crew Each sailed to North America in hopes of escaping from the continental hunt. The crew members were seen in Carolinas, New England, and in Pennsylvania, where some even bribed Governor William Markham for £ 100 per person. This is enough to buy the loyalty of the governor, who realized their identity and even reportedly allowed someone to marry his daughter. Although other local officials, notably Captain Robert Snead's judge, tried to get the pirates arrested, the governor's protection ensured that the pirates remained brave enough to boast their exploits "openly over their cups." When Captain Snead's determination began to upset the governor, the judge was reprimanded:
He [Markham] called me a bastard and challenged me to issue my warrant against these people, saying he had a good mind to do me. I told him that he was not the Governor I would not hold such a language, and that it was difficult to be treated so because of doing my duty. He then ordered the police to no longer serve my warrant; much less angry he wrote a warrant with his own hand to the sheriff to disarm me.
Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, and other colonies publish proclamations for Every arrest, but rarely go beyond this. Although saving pirates became more dangerous for the colonial governors over time, only seven of each crew were attempted between 1697-1705, and all of these were released.
British Isles
On July 30, 1696, John Dann (Every coxswain) was arrested for alleged piracy at the Bull Hotel, a Training lodge on High Street, Rochester, Kent. He had sewed Ã, Â £ 1,045 with a gold sequin and ten English guineas into his waistcoat, found by his servant, who then reported the discovery to the mayor of the city, collecting the prize in the process. To avoid the possibility of execution, on August 3 Dann agreed to testify against members of every other captured crew member, joining Phillip Middleton who surrendered himself to authorities weeks earlier. Soon after, twenty-four Every people have been arrested, some reported to the authorities by jewelers and goldsmiths after trying to sell their property. In the next few months, fifteen pirates were taken to court and six were convicted. Because piracy is a capital crime, and the death penalty can only be imposed if there is an eye witness, Dann and Middleton's testimony is very important.
Six defendants - Joseph Dawson, 39, from Yarmouth; Edward Forseith, 45, Newcastle upon Tyne; William May, 48, London; William Bishop, 20, Devon; James Lewis, 25, London; and John Sparkes, 19, London - were indicted on charges of piracy at Gunsway, with the trial commencing on 19 October 1696 at Old Bailey. The government assembled the most eminent judges in the country to attend the trial, comprising chief judge Sir Charles Hedges, Admiralty High Court Lieutenant Sir John Holt, Chief Justice King Sir George Treby, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas Court, and six judges other leading. In addition to Joseph Dawson, all pirates plead not guilty.
One of the alleged rebels was David Creagh, the second officer of Charles II . He testified that after refusing to participate in the uprising - the only officer who did it - he was ordered to return to the lower deck. On the way to his cabin, Creagh meets William May, former captain of Captain Gibson. May, portrayed by Every as one of the "real chicken of the game, and the elderly sportsman," strongly supports the uprising, and Creagh testifies of their cold-bones exchange:
I met with W. Mei , Prisoner at Bar. What are you saying here? he said. I made him not answer, but went to my Cabin; and he said, Damn you, you deserve to be shot through the Head; and he then held the gun to my head. Then I go to my Cabin, and now comes an order from Every , that those who will go ashore, must be prepared to leave. And when the Captain got out of bed, who was then severely ill from Feaver, Everyone came and said, I was Man of Fortune, and had to find my Luck.
Despite the enormous pressure on the jury to find the defendant guilty, with Advocate Judge of Admiralty Sir Dr Thomas Newton reminding the jury that the consequences of the release would be "a total loss of Indian trade, and thus the impoverishment of this kingdom," the jury deliberated.
The shocking trial rushed through other charges, and twelve days later the pirates were tried on different charges, this time for conspiring to steal Charles II with pirate intent. Though legally doubting today, the 17th-century court assumed that the defendants had the legal burden of proving themselves innocent of the rebellion, which had been found aboard the "ship... escape." As before, the court constantly emphasized the need for pirates' confidence. Judge Hedges condemned the ex-jury "dishonorable" and instructed their successors to act with "true British spirit" by dropping faith, repeatedly reminding them to "support... navigation, trade, wealth, strength, reputation, and the glory of this nation. "When the guilty verdict was read aloud in court soon after, nothing could be surprised.
The pirates were given their last chance to show why they should avoid execution, by simply claiming ignorance and begging for mercy. May argued that, being "a very sickly man," he "never acted in all voyages," while the bishop reminded the court that he was "forced to leave," and, being only eighteen years old for 1694 rebellions, pity. Joseph Dawson, the only defendant who pleaded guilty, was given a reprieve. The remainder of the death penalty is upheld. Sparkes is the only pirate who openly expresses some regrets, but not to piracy, which is "under-scrutiny" - instead, he repents for "the terrible wickedness he has done, even on a pagan body," implying that he has participated in violation of the women aboard the Mughal. His "Last Dying Words and Confession" states that his eyes "are now open to his crimes," and he "justly suffers death for such inhumanity."
On November 25, 1696, five prisoners were taken to the gallows at the Execution Dock. Here they serve deliver their deadly speeches in front of the gathering crowd, including the Newgate Prison, Paul Lorrain. When they faced the Thames, the Spanish Expeditionary voyage started just three years earlier, the pirates were hanged.
John Dann escaped from the hangman by changing King's witness. However, he remained in England, having received on August 9, 1698 a "Order for one Dann, lately every couple but pardoned, to attend the Council tomorrow." This he did on August 11 at East India House, giving details of his journey and looting on board the Fancy . In 1699, Dann married Eliza Noble and the following year became a partner for John Coggs, an established gold banker, inventing Coggs & amp; Dann on the head sign of the King on the Strand, London. The bankers (especially Dann) were deceived by Thomas Brerewood, one of their clients, and in 1710 the bank went bankrupt. Dann died in 1722.
Treasure
The Gunsway
The value of cargo Gunsway ' is not known for certain. Contemporary estimates differ by as much as  £ 300,000, with Ã,  £ 325,000 and Ã,  £ 600,000 being traditionally quoted figures. The last estimate is the value given by the Mughal authorities, while the East India Company estimates a loss of around £ 325,000, but filed a Ã,  £ 600,000 insurance claim.
It has been suggested that the East India Company argues for the lowest estimate when paying reparations for Every's attack, with the president of the Company naturally wanting the most conservative estimate to pay as little as possible damage. Others argue that the Mughal figure of £ 600,000 is a superficial estimate that is purposely aimed at increasing their compensation from English. While some historians argue that Ã, Â £ 325,000 may be closer to its true value, in part because it agrees with the estimates given by contemporary Scottish merchant Alexander Hamilton, who is placed in the Letter, and partly for the above reasons, others have criticized this position as largely unfounded.
Although Any arrest of
Historian Jan Rogozi? Ski has called Cabo "the richest robbery ever caught by pirates," estimates the reported property of Ã,  £ 875,000 worth "more than $ 400 million." By comparison, the East India Company estimate of Ã, £ 325,000 for Gunsway ' is equivalent to "at least $ 200 million." If a larger estimate of Ã,  £ 600,000 is taken, this would be equivalent to $ 400 million, roughly rivaling the attacks by Taylor and Levasseur. In any case, if someone accepts an East India Company estimate of £ 325,000, Rogozi? Ski wrote that it was "only two or three times in history that makes criminals take more precious possessions."
Other ships
The Fateh Mohammed ' s cargo valued at £ 50,000-60,000 according to estimates provided by John Dann in the hearing; this amount is worth about $ 30 million in modern currency. Each is known to have captured at least eleven ships in September 1695, including Gunsway . In addition to Emperor Aurangzeb's fleet, one of the more rewarding gifts was the Rampura , a Cambay merchant who produced "a staggering distance of 1,700,000 rupees."
Legacy
Influence among pirates
The exploitation of everyone immediately enthralled the public's imagination, and some regarded it as a valiant maritime Robin Hood exemplifying the idea of ​​the working class that rebellion and piracy were an acceptable way of fighting the captain and unjust society. By joining the ranks of other "noble pirates", including Francis Drake and Henry Morgan, Everyone inspires many others to hijack. In particular, Every achieves while famous pirates of the post-Spanish period-Succession - Blackbeard, Bartholomew Roberts, Calico Jack, Samuel Bellamy, Edward Low, Stede Bonnet, and others - are still children, and his exploits have become legendary when they were young.
The Irish pirate Walter Kennedy, born in the same year as Gunsway, was looted, has known Every's story at a young age and is committed to remembering it. When he retired from piracy, he returned to London to spend his fortune, even opening a brothel in Deptford. However, his crime followed him and in 1721 he was arrested and sentenced to death. While awaiting his execution, Kennedy's favorite pastime is telling Every's adventure story.
Another Irishman, Edward England, a one-time introduction to Charles Vane, spent most of his career in the Indian Ocean robbing Mughal ships in almost the same way every two decades ago. After parting with Vane, the British raided the slave ships off the coast of West Africa. In 1720, he captured a 300-ton Indiaman Dutch consisting of thirty-four weapons from Malabar Beach, and renamed the new ship to Fancy. Unfortunately for England, he was then stranded in Mauritius by his rebel crew after refusing to give them permission to torture their prisoners. After making an emergency raft, he drifted to an island believed to be ruled by the Pirate King himself. However, there was no pirate utopia waiting for him, and he died as an alcoholic beggar. Ironically, this is a fictitious but naturalized fate, Charles Johnson who is supposedly derived from Every in his General History . It has been suggested that, like Every Before her, Edward England has a "brief but spectacular career," and he may come "closest to living the Avery legend."
In the contemporary literature
A number of fictional and semi-biographical accounts Each published in the decades after his departure. In 1709, the first account appeared as a sixteen-page pamphlet titled Captain John Avery's Life and Adventure; The Famous British Pirates, Now in Possession of Madagascar (London: J. Baker, 1709). It was written by an anonymous writer using the pseudonym Adrian van Broeck, who claims to be a Dutchman who is in captivity by Every crew. In that account, Each is portrayed as a dangerous pirate and romantic lover; after he attacked the Mughal ship, he ran away with - and later married - the Emperor's daughter. The couple then escaped from the Mughal army to Saint Mary Island, where Every set up of a pirate utopia is similar to the fictional pirate state of Libertalia. Each even has several children with the princess and founded a new monarchy. The King of Madagascar immediately commanded a troop of 15,000 pirates and a fleet of forty warships, and is said to live in fantastic luxury in an impenetrable fortress beyond the reach of England and its Mughal enemies. Furthermore, Each of his own currency candy: gold coins engraved in the resemblance of his kingdom.
Despite the wild rumors about fate Everyone has been in circulation for years, Adrian van Broeck's fictional biography provides Every popular legend that will be borrowed by the next publication. Over time, many British public came to believe the sensational claims of the scoffer. The European government immediately accepted those who claimed to be the ambassadors of Saint Mary's, and when the legend grew even heads of state began to believe in astonishing tales. At one point, "the highest level of British and Scottish officials paid serious attention to the proposal of this" pirate diplomat "," while Peter the Great "tried to hire the Saint Mary pirates to help build the Russian colony in Madagascar. The idea of ​​a pirate heaven in Saint Mary has become a household idea.
Because of his fame, Every, along with Blackbeard, one of the few pirates whose lives were dramatized on stage. In 1712, playwright Charles Johnson publicized his very romantic tragedy of The Successful Pyrate . It proved both controversial and successful, and was done to entertain audiences at the Royal Theater in Drury Lane, appearing in print in London the following year. The drama is not without its critics. Dramatic and critic John Dennis wrote a letter to the Master of the Revels who criticized him for licensing the game, which he blasted as "stage prostitution, the impulse to become a criminal, and a disgrace to the theater." Nevertheless, the game took place in several editions.
In 1720 Every appears as the main character of Daniel Defoe's The King of Pirates and as a minor character in his novel Captain Singleton . Both stories recognize widely believed stories about the pirate Every republic. It was the influential influence of Charles Johnson General History (1724) that formed a competing account of Every. Arriving more than a decade after Adrian van Broeck's memoir, Johnson's "historical" account revealed that Every was deceived by his wealth after trying to sell his ill-gotten goods, ultimately "not worth as much as buying him a coffin." Yet another account appears in The Famous Adventure of Captain John Avery of Plymouth, a Notorious Pirate (London: T. Johnston, 1809), though this may recount previous publications.
In addition to the play and books written on Henry Each, a successful ballad was also printed in England during his career. Entitled "A Copy of the Verse, Compiled by Captain Henry Every, Lately Going to the Sea to Seek His Luck," was first published as a leaflet between May and July 1694 by London printer Theophilus Lewis, and reportedly written by Everyself.. Consisting of thirteen stanzas tuned for ballad 1686 "The Success of Two British Tourists, Just Arrived in London," was collected by Samuel Pepys and added to the Pepys Library. At least nine different reprints of ballads, of various resemblances to the original ones published by Lewis, were printed between 1694 and 1907. More recently, the ballad has been featured in the Oxford Book of Sea Songs of Roy Palmer (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
"A copy of the verse" contains several statements, such as the statement of Everyone who has become a "partial owner" to land near Plymouth, which is then corroborated by William Philips, a captured crew member who has ever shared information. Nevertheless, it is not possible to write each of his verses. A more likely scenario is that one of the approximately fifteen or twenty faithful sailors who refuse to join the rebellion has shared their knowledge of Every after returning to England, where it quickly turns into a ballad. A slightly modified copy was sent to the Royal Council of Advisers by Sir James Houblon on 10 August 1694, where it was used as evidence during an investigation of the uprising. By announcing everyone's intention to change pirates even before the uprising, ballads may have served to reinforce Board beliefs that the rebel crew harbored pirate intentions from the start. Therefore, it may be, that the ballad has actually been written and distributed as a way to punish Every. However, the power of the ballad is likely to play a role in government bans against Every nearly two years before he became known as the most famous pirate of his time.
During Every career, the government uses the media to describe it as a notorious criminal in an attempt to influence public opinion about pe
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