Cornwall ( ; Cornish: Kernow ['k? Rn ??] ) is a county in South West England in England. The district is bordered by the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, above the Tamar River which forms most of the border between them. Cornwall forms the western part of the Southwest Peninsula from Great Britain Island. The island's farthest southwest point is Land's End; the southernmost point is the Lizard Point. Cornwall has a population of 556,000 and covers an area of ​​3,563 km 2 (1,376 sqÃ, mi). The county has been managed since 2009 by a unitary authority, the Cornwall Council. The Cornwall ceremonial area also includes the Isles of Scilly, which are managed separately. The administrative center of Cornwall, and the only city, is Truro.
Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and the origin of the Cornish diaspora culture and ethnicity. It maintains a distinct cultural identity that reflects its unique history, and is recognized as one of the Celtic countries with a rich cultural heritage. It was once the kingdom of Brythonic and then the kingdom's royal duchy. The Cornish nationalist movement contradicts Cornwall's current constitutional status and seeks greater autonomy within the British Empire in the form of a Cornolved legislative assembly devolved and powers similar to those in Wales and Scotland. In 2014, the Cornish people are granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for National Minority Protection, giving the Cornish people recognition as distinct ethnic groups.
First inhabited during the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, Cornwall continues to be occupied by Neolithic and Bronze Age people, and then (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with strong trade and cultural links to Wales and Brittany. Mining in Cornwall and Devon in southwest England began in the early Bronze Age.
Some Roman remains have been found in Cornwall and there is little evidence that the Romans settled or had much military presence there. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Cornwall was ruled by Cornovii chiefs who may include semi-historical or legendary figures such as the King of Mark of Cornwall and King Arthur, evidenced by the tradition of folklore originated from the Regum Britanniae Historia. The division of Cornovii from the Dumnonii tribe was separated from Brythons of Wales after the Battle of Deorham and often in conflict with the widespread Wessex kingdom. King Athelstan in 936 set a boundary between English and Cornish in the high water marks of the eastern bank of the Tamar River. From the early Middle Ages, language and culture were divided by the trade of Brythons on both sides of the Strait, producing the medieval Breton kingdom of DomnonÃÆ' Â © e and Cornouaille and the same Christian Celtic religion in both regions.
Historically, tin mining in Britain was important in the Cornish economy, becoming increasingly significant during the High Middle Ages and growing remarkably during the 19th century when a rich copper mine was also in production. However, in the mid-19th century, tin and copper mines entered a period of decline. Furthermore, Chinese clay extraction became more important and metal mining nearly ended in the 1990s. Traditionally, fishing (mainly pilchards) and agriculture (especially dairy and vegetable products) are another important economic sector. Trains leading to the growth of tourism in the 20th century; However, the Cornwall economy fought after the decline of the mining and fishery industries.
Cornwall is famous for its geology and coastal scenery. Most of Cornubia's batholiths are inside Cornwall. The north coast has many bluffs where exposed geological formations are studied. This area is famous for its wild moorland landscape, its long and diverse coastline, fascinating villages, many of its names are derived from the Cornish language, and the climate is very mild. The vast stretch of Cornwall beach, and Bodmin Moor, is protected as an Extraordinary Natural Beauty Area.
Video Cornwall
Nama dan emblem
The modern English name Cornwall is a composite of two ancient demoniments derived from two distinct language groups:
- Corn - comes from the Brythonic tribe, Cornovii ("the inhabitants of the peninsula"). The Celtic word "kernou " ("horn" or "headland") is a cognate with the English word "horn" (both derived from Proto-Indo-European * ker -).
- -wall is derived from Old English exonym w (e) alh , meaning "stranger" or "romance" (ie a georgejetson).
In Cornish, Cornwall is known as the Kernow which comes from the same linguistic background.
Maps Cornwall
Mark
The flag of Saint Piran is a national flag and an ancient banner of Cornwall, and the emblem of the Cornish people. It is considered a regional flag by the Cornwall Board. The Saint Piran banner is a white cross with a black background (in symbolic terms 'sable, cross argent'). According to the legend Saint Piran adopted these colors from seeing white tin in coals and black ash during the discovery of tin. The Cornish flag is the opposite of the former Breton national flag (black cross) and is known by the same name "Kroaz Du".
Heraldry
Later, Cornwall was known by the Anglo-Saxon as "West Wales" to distinguish it from "North Wales" (the modern state of Wales). The name appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum . In the Domeswe Book referred to as Cornualia and at c. 1198 as Cornwal . Other names for this area include the latinized name as Cornubia (first appeared in the mid-9th century deed claimed to be a copy of one of the calendars of c.705), and like > Cornugallia in 1086.
Physical geography
Cornwall forms the tip of the southern-western peninsula of Great Britain island, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the wind that blows from the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is largely composed of resistant rock that raises many places to high cliffs. Cornwall has a border with just one other area, Devon, formed almost entirely by the Tamar River, and the rest (in the north) by the Marsland Valley.
Coastal area
North and south beaches have different characteristics. The northern coast of the Celtic Sea, part of the Atlantic Ocean, is more open and therefore has a wilder nature. The prosaically named High Cliff , between Boscastle and St Gennys, is the highest dropped cliff in Cornwall at 223 meters (732 feet). However, there are also many beautiful strands of golden sands that make up a very important beach for the tourism industry, such as in Bude, Polzeath, Watergate Bay, Perranporth, Porthtowan, Fistral Beach, Newquay, St Agnes, St Ives, and on the southern coast of Gyllyngvase in Falmouth and a great beach in Praa Sands farther southwest. There are two river estuaries on the north coast: Hayle Estuary and Camel River estuary, which provides Padstow and Rock with a safe harbor. The seaside town of Newlyn is a popular holiday destination, as it is one of the few Cornish traditional fishing ports, with views that extend beyond Mount Mount.
The south coast, nicknamed the "Cornish Riviera", is more protected and there are some wide estuaries that offer safe anchors, such as in Falmouth and Fowey. Beaches on the south coast usually consist of coarse sand and shingles, interspersed with rocky parts of the wave-cut platform. Also on the south coast, the picturesque fishing village of Polperro, at the mouth of the Pol River, and the fishing port of Looe on the Looe River, both popular among tourists.
Ground area
The interior of the county is composed of approximately the fertile east-west backbone and open plains, with a series of granite intrusions, such as Bodmin Moor, which contains the highest land in Cornwall. From east to west, and with the surrounding elevation decreasing, these are Bodmin Moor, Hensbarrow north of St Austell, Carnmenellis to the south of Camborne, and Penwith or the Final Peninsula Land. This disorder is a central part of the granite outcrop that forms exposed parts of the Cornubian batholith of southwest England, which also includes Dartmoor to the east in Devon and the Isles of Scilly to the west, the latter now partially submerged.
The intrusion of granite into the surrounding sedimentary rocks caused extensive metamorphism and mineralization, and this led Cornwall to become one of the most important mining areas in Europe until the early 20th century. It is estimated that tin is mined here as early as the Bronze Age, and copper, lead, zinc and silver have all been mined in Cornwall. The granite changes also gave rise to the extensive precipitation of Clay China, especially in the area north of St Austell, and this extraction remains an important industry.
The highlands are surrounded by more fertile agricultural land, especially agricultural land. Near the south coast, the forested valley provides a sheltered condition for the shady and humid flora, mild climate. These areas mainly lie in the sandstone and slate of Devon. Northeast Cornwall lies in the Carbon rocks known as Size Culm. In these places have experienced severe folding, as can be seen on the north coast near Crackington Haven and in some other locations.
Lizard Peninsula
The geology of the Lizard peninsula is unusual, because it is the only example of British landmass of an ophiolit, part of the oceanic crust that is now found on land. Most of the peninsula consists of serpentinite Precambrian dark green and red, which forms spectacular cliffs, especially in Kynance Cove, and carved and polished serpentine ornaments are sold in local souvenir shops. These ultrabasic rocks also form a very infertile soil that covers the marshy and swampy swamps on the inside of the peninsula. It is home to rare plants, such as the Cornish Heath, which has been adopted as a county flower.
Hill and high point
Settlement and transport
The only town in Cornwall, and the home of the board's headquarters, is Truro. Nearby Falmouth is famous as a harbor. St Just in Penwith is the most western city in the UK, although the same claim has been made for Penzance, which is larger. St Ives and Padstow are currently a small ship port with major tourism and leisure sectors in their country. Newquay on the north coast is another major urban settlement famous for its beaches and is a popular surfing destination, as is Bude in the north, but Newquay is now also important for its aviation industry. St Austell is the largest city in the city and more densely populated than the capital of Truro; it is the center of porcelain clay industry in Cornwall. Redruth and Camborne formed the largest urban area in Cornwall, and both cities were important as the center of the global tin mining industry in the 19th century (nearby copper mines were also very productive during that period)
Cornwall borders the county of Devon on the Tamar River. The main road between Cornwall and the whole of the United Kingdom is the A38 that crosses Tamar in Plymouth via the Tamar Bridge and Saltash town, the A39 road (Atlantic Highway) from Barnstaple, past North Cornwall ends at Falmouth, and the A30 which crosses the southern border of Launceston across Bodmin Moor and connecting Bodmin and Truro. Torpoint Ferry connects Plymouth with Torpoint on the opposite side of Hamoaze. The rail bridge, the Royal Albert Bridge, built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1859) provides the only other land transportation route. The city of Plymouth, a major city center in southwest Devon, is an important location for services such as hospitals, department stores, road and rail transport, and cultural venues, especially for people living east of Cornwall.
Cardiff and Swansea, opposite the Bristol Channel, have been several times in the past connected to Cornwall by ferry, but this is not operating now.
The Isles of Scilly is served by ferry (from Penzance) and by plane, has its own airport - St Mary's Airport. There are regular flights between St Mary's and Land's End Airport, near St Just, and Cornwall Airport Newquay; During the summer, services are also provided between St Mary and Exeter International Airport, in Devon.
Ecology
Flora and fauna
Cornwall has a variety of habitats including terrestrial and marine ecosystems. One of the locally recorded species is the lichen reindeer, whose species have been prioritized for protection under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.
Botanists divide Cornwall and Scilly into two district representatives: West (1) and East (2). The standard flora is by F. H. Davey Flora of Cornwall (1909). Davey was assisted by A. O. Hume and he thanked Hume, his colleagues on the way in Cornwall and Devon, and for help in Flora's compilation, a publication funded by him.
Climate
Cornwall has a temperate oceanic climate (climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen: Cfb), with mild winters and cool summers. Cornwall and has the mildest and brighter climate in Britain, as a result of ocean settings and the influence of the Gulf Stream. The average annual temperature in Cornwall ranges from 11.6 Â ° C (52.9 Â ° F) in the Isles of Scilly to 9.8 Â ° C (49.6 Â ° F) in the central highlands. Winter is one of the hottest in the country due to the moderate effects of warm ocean currents, and ice and snow are very rare on the coast and in the central hinterland. However, the summer is not as warm as in the other parts of southern England. The surrounding sea and southwest position means that the weather of Cornwall can be relatively changed.
Cornwall is one of the brightest areas in the UK. It has more than 1,541 hours of sunshine per year, with an average of 7.6 hours of sunlight a day in July. Wet and mild air coming from the southwest brings more rainfall than in eastern England, at 1,051 to 1,290 mm (41.4 to 50.8 in) per year. However, this is not as much in more areas north of the west coast. The Isles of Scilly, for example, where there is an average of less than two days of water ice per year, is the only area in the UK that is in the hardiness zone 10. These islands, on average, less than a day of the air temperature exceeding 30 ° C per year and are in the AHS Heat Zone 1. Extreme temperatures in Cornwall are very rare; However, extreme weather in the form of storms and floods is common.
Culture
Language
Cornish language
English is the main language used in Cornwall, although the reused Cornish language is used, and is spoken fluently by a small number of people. Most street names and some road signs are written twice in Cornish and English.
The Cornish language is the language of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic family, closely related to the other Brythonic languages ​​of Welsh and Breton, and less so for the Irish language of Goidelic, Scots Gaelic and Manx. Language continued to function as a community language in the Cornwall section until the late 18th century, and it was claimed in 2011 that the native speakers last did not die until 1914.
There has been a resurgence of language since the Henry Jenner Cornish Language Handbook was published in 1904. A study in 2000 showed that there were about 300 people who spoke fluently. The Cornish, however, had no legal status in England until 2002. Nevertheless, language was taught in about twelve elementary schools, and sometimes used in religious and civil ceremonies. In 2002 the Cornish was officially recognized as a minority English language and in 2005 it received limited Government funding. Written Standard Form was agreed in 2008.
Some Cornish mining words are used in English mining terminology, such as costean, gossan, gunnies, kibbal, kieve and vug.
In Parliament 2010-15 England, four Cornish parliamentarians, Andrew George, MP for St Ives, Dan Rogerson, MP for North Cornwall, Steve Gilbert, MP for St Austell and Newquay, and Sarah Newton, MP for Truro and Falmouth repeating Parliamentary oath they are in Cornish.
English dialect
Cornish language and culture influences the appearance of certain pronunciations and grammar that are not used elsewhere in the UK. The Cornish dialect is spoken on many levels, but a person who speaks full of Anglo-Cornish is practically incomprehensible to a person unfamiliar with it. Cornish dialects generally decline, in most places now little more than regional accents and grammatical differences have eroded over time.
Art
Since the 19th century, Cornwall, with its pristine maritime landscape and strong light, has maintained a dynamic and internationally renowned visual art scene. Artistic activity in Cornwall originally centered on the Newlyn art colony, most active at the turn of the 20th century. The Newlyn School is associated with the names of Stanhope Forbes, Elizabeth Forbes, Norman Garstin, and Lamorna Birch. Modernist writers such as DH Lawrence and Virginia Woolf lived in Cornwall between wars, and Ben Nicholson, the painter, after visiting in 1920 came to live in St Ives with his then-artist, sculptor Barbara Hepworth, during the outbreak of the Second World War. They then joined the Russian emigrants Naum Gabo, and other artists. These include Peter Lanyon, Terry Frost, Patrick Heron, Bryan Wynter, and Roger Hilton. St Ives also houses Pottery Leach, where Bernard Leach, and his followers are fighting for Japanese inspired studio pottery. Much of this modernist work can be seen in Tate St Ives. The Newlyn Society and Penwith Society of Arts continue to be active, and contemporary visual art is documented in specialized online journals.
Music
Cornwall has a vibrant and lively folk music tradition that has survived to this day and is famous for unusual survivors like Mummers Plays, the Furry Dance in Helston played by the famous Helston Town Band, and Obby Oss in Padstow.
Newlyn is home to a food and music festival that hosts live music shows, cooking demonstrations, and shows locally caught fish.
As in other former mining districts in England, the male voice choir and Brass Bands, e.g. Constantine's summer concert brothers are still very popular in Cornwall: Cornwall also has about 40 brass bands, including six National Champions of Great Britain, Camborne Youth Band, and Lanner and St. Dennis.
The Cornish player is a regular participant in the inter-Celtic festival, and Cornwall itself has several inter-Celtic festivals that live like the folk festival Perranporth Lowender Role.
On a more modern note, contemporary musician Richard D. James (also known as Aphex Twin) grew up in Cornwall, as did Luke Vibert and Alex Parks, winner of Fame Academy 2003. Roger Taylor, drummer of Queen's band also grew up. in the area, and currently live not far from Falmouth. American singer and songwriter, Tori Amos, now lives in North Cornwall not far from Bude with his family. The lutenist, lutarist, composer and festival director Ben Salfield live in Truro.
Literature
The rich heritage of Cornwall and the dramatic landscape has inspired many writers.
Fiction
Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, author of many novels and works of literary criticism, lives in Fowey: his novels are mainly made in Cornwall. Daphne du Maurier lives in Menabilly near Fowey and many of his novels have a Cornish setting, including Rebecca , Jamaica Inn , Frenchman's Creek , My Cousin Rachel , and The House on the Strand . He is also famous for writing Vanishing Cornwall . Cornwall inspires The Birds, one of the frightening series of stories, known as the movie by Alfred Hitchcock.
Medieval Cornwall is a setting of trilogy by Monica Furlong, Wise Child , Juniper , and Colman , as well as part of Charles Kingsley > Hereward the Wake .
Conan Doyle's Demonic Leg Adventure featuring Sherlock Holmes is set in Cornwall. Serial Winston Graham Poldark , Adam Loveday's Kate Tremayne series, Susan Cooper's Over Sea, Under Stone and Greenwitch and Mary Wesley The Camomile Lawn is ready in Cornwall. Writing under the pseudonym Alexander Kent, Douglas Reeman sets out parts of his Richard Bolitho and Adam Bolitho series in Cornwall in the late 18th and early 19th century, especially in Falmouth.
Novel Hammond Innes, The Killer Mine ; Charles de Lint's novel The Little Country; and Chapters 24 and 25 of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows took place in Cornwall (Harry Potter's story at Shell Cottage, which is on the beach outside Tinworth's fictional village in Cornwall).
David Cornwell, who wrote the espionage novel by the name of John le Carrà ©  ©, lives and writes in Cornwall. Nobel Prize winning novelist William Golding was born in St Columb Minor in 1911, and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his death in 1993. D. H. Lawrence spent a short time living in Cornwall. Rosamunde Pilcher grew up in Cornwall, and some of her books were there.
Poems
The late Poet Poet Sir John Betjeman is very fond of Cornwall and stands out in his poetry. He is buried in the churchyard of St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick. Charles Causley, the poet, was born in Launceston and perhaps the most famous Cornish poet. Jack Clemo and the scholar A. L. Rowse are also known as Cornishmen famous for their poetry; Rev. R. S. Hawker of Morwenstow wrote some very popular poems in the Victorian period. The Scottish poet W. S. Graham lived in West Cornwall from 1944 until his death in 1986.
The poet Laurence Binyon wrote "For the Fallen" (first published in 1914) while sitting on a cliff between Pentire Point and The Rumps and a stone plaque erected in 2001 to commemorate the fact. This plaque contains the words "FOR THE FALL/Consists of these cliffs, 1914". The plaque also bears below the fourth stanza (sometimes referred to as "The Ode") of the poem:
- They will grow not old, because we are left old
- Age will not exhaust them, or years of cursing
- When the sun is up and in the morning
- We will remember
Other literary works
Cornwall produced a large number of passions playing like Ordinalia during the Middle Ages. Many are still there, and provide valuable information about the Cornish language. See also Cornish literature
Author Prolific Colin Wilson, best known for his debut work The Outsider (1956) and for The Mind Parasites (1967), lives in Gorran Haven, a small village south of the Coast Cornish. Author D. M. Thomas was born in Redruth but lives and works in Australia and the United States before returning to his home country, Cornwall. He has written novels, poems, and other works, including translations from Russia.
Thomas Hardy drama The Queen of Cornwall (1923) is a version of the Tristan story; the second act of the opera Richard Wagner Tristan und Isolde took place in Cornwall, as did Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance and Ruddigore. Tomb Raider Level: Legend, a game dealing with the Arthurian Legend, takes place in Cornwall at the museum over King Arthur's tomb.
The Jack the Giant Killer tale took place in Cornwall.
Sports
The main sports played in Cornwall are rugby, soccer and cricket. Athletes from Truro have done well in the Olympic arena and the Commonwealth Games, winning some medals. Surfing is very popular, especially with tourists, thousands of people come to the water during the summer months. Several towns and villages have bowling clubs, and a wide variety of British sports are played throughout Cornwall. Cornwall is also one of the few places in England where shinty is played, the British Shinty Association is based in Penryn.
The Cornwall County Cricket Club plays as one of the small cricket districts of England. Truro, and all the towns and villages have football clubs belonging to the Cornwall County Football Association.
Rugby
Seen as "an important identifier of ethnic affiliations", the rugby union has become a sport strongly associated with the idea of ​​Cornishness. and since the 20th century, the rugby union has emerged as one of the most popular audiences and sports teams in Cornwall (perhaps the most popular), with professional Cornish rugby players depicted as "formidable forces", "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, but paradoxically loyal British patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and vigor ".
In 1985, sports journalist Alan Gibson made a direct connection between rugby love in Cornwall and the ancient parish game of throwing and wrestling that existed for centuries before the official rugby began. Among the original sports of Cornwall is a typical form of Celtic wrestling related to Breton wrestling, and the throwing of Cornish, a kind of medieval football played with a silver ball (different from Irish Hurling). Cornish Wrestling is the oldest sport in Cornwall and as an original Cornwall tradition, it has traveled the world to places like Victoria, Australia, and Grass Valley, California following the miners and gold rush. Cornish throwing now takes place in St. Columb Major, St Ives, and more rarely in Bodmin.
Surfing and water sports
Due to its long coastline, a variety of popular maritime sports in Cornwall, mainly sailing and surfing. International events in both are held in Cornwall. Cornwall hosted the Inter-Celtic Water Festival in 2006. Surfing in particular is very popular, as locations like Bude and Newquay offer some of the best surfing in the UK. The battle of a pilot show has been popular for many years and the World Championships take place every year in the Isles of Scilly. On September 2, 2007, 300 surfers on the coast of Polzeath set a new world record for the highest number of surfers riding the same wave as part of the Global Surfing Challenge and part of a project called Earthwave to raise awareness about global warming.
Fencing
As its population is relatively small, and largely rural, Cornwall's contribution to UK national sport in Britain has been limited; The district's greatest success has come on the fence. In 2014, half of the men's GB team is fenced off for Truro Fencing Club, and 3 Truro players perform at the 2012 Olympics.
Cuisine
Cornwall has a strong culinary heritage. Surrounded on three sides by the sea amid lush fishing grounds, Cornwall naturally has fresh seafood available; Newlyn is the largest fishing port in the UK based on the value of landing fish, and is known for its restaurants. Rick Stein television chef has long operated a fish restaurant in Padstow for this reason, and Jamie Oliver opted to open his second restaurant, Fifteen, in Watergate Bay near Newquay. Host MasterChef and Smiths founder of Smithfield, John Torode, in 2007 bought Seiners in Perranporth. One of the famous local fish dishes is Stargazy pie, a fish pie where fish heads stick through piecrust, as if "star-gazing". This cake is cooked as part of a traditional celebration for the Tom Bawcock Night, but is generally not eaten at other times.
However, Cornwall is probably well known for sure, a savory dish made with cakes. Today's Pasties usually contain beef steak, onions, potatoes, and spicy with salt and white pepper, but it certainly has different fillings. Turmut, 'tate and mate' (ie "Turnip, potatoes and meat", turnip into Cornish and Scottish terms for swede, itself an abbreviation of 'Swedish Turnip', English term for rutabaga) describes a very common filling. For example, a pointed cake contains lots of onions, and the concoction contains watercress, parsley, and onion. Pasties are often referred to locally as oggies . Historically, pasties are also often made with sweet stuffing such as jams, apples and blackberries, plums or cherries. The relatively poor wet and soil climate in Cornwall makes it unsuitable for growing many lush plants. However, it is ideal to grow the rich grass needed to produce milk, leading to other well-known Cornwall exports, clotted cream. It becomes the basis for many local specialties including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream. Cornish brushing Cream has a Protected Geographic Status under EU law, and can not be made elsewhere. The main manufacturers are A. E. Rodda & amp; Son of Scorrier.
Local cakes and desserts include Saffron cakes, Cornish heavy cakes ( hevva ), Cornish fairings biscuits, figgy 'obbin, Cream tea, and whortleberry cakes.
There are also many types of brewed beer in Cornwall - produced by Sharp's Brewery, Skinner's Brewery, Keltek Brewery and St Austell Brewery are the most famous - including stout, beer and other beer types. There are several small-scale production of wine, honey and cider.
History
The English population is called Belision (or Land's End) of their relationship with foreign traders, civilized in their lifestyle. They prepared the cans, worked very carefully on the earth where it was produced... Here then the merchants bought cans from the natives and brought them to Gaul, and after traveling overland for about thirty days, they ended up carrying their burden of horses to the mouth of RhÃÆ'Â'ne.
The identity of this merchant is unknown. It has been theorized that they are Phoenicians, but there is no evidence for this. Professor Timothy Champion, discussing Diodorus Siculus's commentary on tin trade, states that "Diodorus never really said that the Phoenicians sailed to Cornwall, in fact, he said otherwise: Cornish tin production was in the hands of the natives of Cornwall, and its transport to the Mediterranean was organized by local merchants, by sea and then overland through France, also beyond the control of the Phoenicians. "(For a further discussion of tin mining, see the section on economics below.)
There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective in western Exeter in Devon and some Roman remains have been found. However, after 410, Cornwall appears to have returned to rule by Romano-Celtic chiefs of the Cornovii tribe as part of Dumnonia including one Marcus Cunomorus with at least one significant power base in Tintagel.
The "King" of Mark of Cornwall is a known semi-historical figure of Welsh literature, English Matter, and in particular, the later medieval Norman-Breton romance of Tristan and Yseult where he is considered a close relative of King Arthur; itself is usually thought to have been born to the Cornish people in the tradition of folklore originating from Geoffrey of Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae .
Archeology supports ecclesiastical evidence, literature and legends for some relative economic stability and close cultural ties between sub-Roman Westcountry, South Wales, Brittany and Ireland during the fifth and sixth centuries.
Conflict with Wessex
The battle of Deorham in 577 saw the separation of Dumnonia (and therefore Cornwall) from Wales, after which Dumnonii often clashed with the widespread British Wessex Empire. The Annales Cambriae reported that in 722 AD, the Cornwall Englishman won the battle at "Hehil". It appears that the enemy that the Cornish army fought for was the Western Saxon army, as evidenced by the naming of King Ine of Wessex and his brother Nonna referring to the previous Battle of Lining in 710.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is stated in 815 (the customized date) "and this year the king of Ecgbryht was raided in Cornwall from east to west." and since then apparently holds it as a dukatus or shaman's rank who is annexed to the regnum or kingdom of Wessex, but not entirely combined with it. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that in 825 (the customized date) the battle took place between Wealas (Cornish) and Defnas (Devonian man) in Gafulforda. In the same year Ecgbert, as a document that later revealed it, "dumped their territory because it seemed to suit him, giving the tenth part to God." In other words, he incorporated Cornwall ecclesially with the Western Sherborne Diocese, Sherborne, and conferred Eahlstan, his belligerent bishop, who took part in the campaign, with a vast Cornish land composed of Callington and Lawhitton, both in the Tamar valley, and Pawton near Padstow.
In 838, Cornish and their Danish allies were defeated by Egbert in the Battle of Hingston Down in Hengestesdune (probably Hingston Down in Cornwall). In 875, the last king recorded in Cornwall, Dumgarth, was said to have sunk. Around the 880s, the Anglo-Saxons of Wessex had established simple landholdings in the eastern part of Cornwall; especially Alfred the Great who has acquired several estates. William of Malmesbury, writing about 1120, said that King Athelstan of England (924-939) set the line between the English and the Cornish on the east bank of the Tamar River.
Breton-Norman Period
One interpretation of the Domesday Book is that at this time the Cornish native class has been almost completely usurped and replaced by British landowners, especially Harold Godwinson himself. However, Bodmin's manuscripts show that two prominent Cornish figures nominally have a Saxon name, but both are polished with original Cornish names. The naming of evidence cited by Edith Ditmas in medieval times indicates that many post-Conquest landowners in Cornwall were Breton's allies of Normandy and subsequently proposed this period for the early compositions of the Tristan and Iseult cycles by poets such as Beroul of the pre-existing oral Brittonic. tradition.
Immediately after the Norman conquest, most of the land was transferred to the new Breton-Norman aristocracy, with the largest part being Robert, Count of Mortain, King William's half-brother and largest landowner in England after the king with his fortress at Trematon Castle near Tamar's mouth. Cornwall and Devon to the west of Dartmoor show a very different settlement pattern from Saxon Wessex and the places continue, even after 1066, named in the Cornish Celtic tradition with the Saxon architecture becoming uncommon.
Later administration and medieval society
Further, however, Norman's absentee landlord was replaced by the new Cornu-Norman elite including scholars such as Richard Rufus of Cornwall. These families eventually became the new ruling class in Cornwall (usually speaking Norman French, Breton-Cornish, Latin and finally English), many involved in the operation of the Stannary Parliament system, the Earldom and finally the Duchy. The Cornish language continues to be spoken and acquires a number of characteristics that establish its identity as a separate language from Breton.
Parliament stannari
Stannarian Parliament and Stannary Court are legislative and legal institutions in Cornwall and in Devon (in Dartmoor area), England. Stannary trials manage equities for tin miners in the region and the interests of tin mining, and they are also the record-targets for mine-dependent cities. The separate and powerful government institutions available to tin miners reflect the importance of the tin industry to the British economy during the Middle Ages. The special law for pre-dated miners is a code of written code in the UK, and ancient traditions exclude all people connected with tin mining in Cornwall and Devon from jurisdictions other than stannary courts in all but the most extraordinary circumstances.
Piracy and smuggling
Cornish hijacking was active during the Elizabethan era on the west coast of England. Cornwall is famous for its destroyers who prey on ships passing through the rocky coast of Cornwall. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Cornwall was a large Smuggling area.
src: www.sykescottages.co.uk
Politics and administration
Cornish national identity
Cornwall is recognized by the Cornish and Celtic political groups as one of six Celtic countries, along with Brittany, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales. (The Isle of Man Government and the Welsh Government also recognize Asturias and Galicia). Cornwall is represented, as one of the Celtic nations, at the Interceltique de Lorient Festival, the annual Celebration of Celtic culture held in Brittany.
The Cornwall council considers the unique legacy and uniqueness of Cornwall culture to be one of the region's key assets. They see language, landscape, Celtic identity, political history, settlement patterns, maritime traditions, industrial heritage, and nonconformist traditions, becoming one of the features that make up "typical" culture. However, it is uncertain how many people living in Cornwall consider themselves Cornish; the results from different surveys (including the national census) vary. In the 2001 census, 7 percent of people in Cornwall identified themselves as Cornish, not British or British. However, the activists argue that this underestimates the actual number because there is no "Cornish" explicit choice included in the official census form. Subsequent surveys show that as many as 44 percent identify as Cornish. Many people in Cornwall say that this problem will be resolved if the Cornish option is available in the census. Content questions and recommendations for Census 2011 provide an explanation of the ethnic identity selection process that is relevant to the often-cited 37,000 personality who claims Cornish identity.
On April 24, 2014 it was announced that the Cornish people had been granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for National Minority Protection.
Local politics
With the exception of the Scilly Isles, Cornwall is governed by a unity authority, the Cornwall Council, based in Truro. Crown Court is based in the Court of Justice in Truro. Magistrates' court found at Truro (but in a different location to the Crown Court) and at Bodmin.
The Isles of Scilly is part of the Cornwall ceremonial region, and has sometimes been served by the same regional government. Since 1890 they have been managed by their own unity authorities, the Isles of Scilly Council. They are grouped with Cornwall for other administrative purposes, such as the National Health Service and Devon and Cornwall Police.
Prior to the reorganization on 1 April 2009, board functions throughout the rest of Cornwall were organized on two levels, with district councils and district councils for its six districts, Caradon, Carrick, Kerrier, North Cornwall, Penwith and Restormel. While projected to streamline services, cut red tape and save about Ã, Â £ 17 million annually, this reorganization was greeted with broad opposition, with polls in 2008 giving 89% rejection results from Cornish residents.
The first election for unity authority was held on 4 June 2009. The council has 123 seats; the largest party (in 2017) is the Tory Party, with 46 seats. The Liberal Democratic Party is the second largest party, with 37 seats, with Independent in third place with 30 seats.
Prior to the formation of the unitary council, the former county council had 82 seats, the majority held by the Liberal Democrats, was elected to regional council elections in 2005. The previous six districts had a total of 249 council seats, and the group with the largest number of council members was the Liberal Democrat, Conservative, and Independent.
Parliament and national politics
Following a review by the British Boundary Commission applicable to the 2010 election, Cornwall was divided into six electoral districts to elect MPs to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
Prior to the 2010 border changes, Cornwall has five constituencies which are all won by Liberal Democrats in the 2005 election. In the 2010 elections Liberal Democrat candidates won three constituencies and Conservative candidates won three constituents (see also the results of the 2010 British election in Cornwall ). In the 2015 general election all six Cornish seats were won by Conservative candidates. All of these conservative MPs defend their seats in the 2017 general election
Until 1832, Cornwall had 44 MPs - more than any other area - reflecting the importance of tin for the Crown. Much of the increase in the number of MPs came between 1529 and 1584 after which there was no change until 1832.
Movement devolution
The Cornish nationalists have been organized in two political parties: Mebyon Kernow, formed in 1951, and the Cornish Nationalist Party. In addition to political parties, there are various interest groups such as Stannary Bangkit Parliament and the Rising Celtic League. The Cornish Constitution Convention was formed in 2000 as a cross-party organization including representatives from the private, public and voluntary sectors to campaign for the establishment of the Cornish Assembly, along the lines of the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland and Scottish Assembly. Parliament. Between March 5, 2000 and December 2001, the campaign collected 41,650 Cornish citizen signatures supporting calls for the devolution assembly, along with 8,896 signatories from outside Cornwall. The resulting petition was presented to Prime Minister Tony Blair. The Liberal Democrats recognize Cornwall's claim for greater autonomy, as did the Liberal Party.
- "The new single board is also an opportunity to gain greater control over local issues from bureaucrats. Regional and national governments - the first step on the way to the Cornish Assembly." - Liberal Democrat Manifesto for 2009
The additional political problem is the recognition of the Cornish people as a minority.
src: www.peta.org.uk
Economy
Cornwall is one of the poorest parts of the UK in terms of per capita GDP and average household income. At the same time, some areas, especially on the coast, have high house prices, driven by demand from relatively wealthy retirees and second homeowners. GVA per head is 65% of the UK average for 2004. The GDP per head for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly is 79.2% of the average EU-27 for 2004, per head UK average is 123.0%. In 2011, the latest figures available, the size of Cornwall's wealth (including the Isles of Scilly) is 64% of the European per capita average.
Tin mining historically (and later also copper) is important in the Cornish economy. The first reference to this seems to be by Pytheas: see above . Julius Caesar is the last classic writer to mention the trade of lead, which seems to have declined during the Roman occupation. Trade in tin was revived in the Middle Ages and its importance to the Kings of England resulted in certain privileges granted to offenders; The Cornish rebellion of 1497 was associated with the complaints of tin miners. However, in the mid-19th century, tin trade declined again. Other primary industries that have declined since the 1960s include Chinese clay production, fisheries and agriculture.
Today, the Cornish economy relies heavily on the tourism industry, which makes up about a quarter of the economy. Official measures on district-level deprivation and poverty and sub-wards indicate that there is great variation in poverty and prosperity in Cornwall with some of the poorest areas of England and others among the top in prosperity. For example, the ranking of 32,482 sub-wards in the UK in the multiple deprivation index (2006) ranged from 819 (part of Penzance East) to 30.899th (part of Saltash Burraton in Caradon), where lower numbers represent larger deprivations..
Cornwall is one of two areas of England designated as a 'less developed region' that is eligible for a Cohesion Policy grant from the European Union. It was granted Objective 1 status by the European Commission for 2000 to 2006, followed by a further funding round known as 'Convergence Fund' from 2007 to 2013 and 'Growth Program' for 2014 to 2020.
Tourism
Tourism is estimated to contribute up to 24% of Cornwall's gross domestic product. In 2011 Tourism brought Ã, Â £ 1.85 billion into the Cornish economy. Cornwall's unique culture, spectacular scenery and mild climate make it a popular tourist destination, albeit a bit far from the main UK population center. Surrounded on three sides by the English Channel and Celtic Sea, Cornwall has many miles of beaches and cliffs; South West Coast Path follows a complete circuit of both beaches. Other tourist attractions include moorlands, state parks, museums, historic and prehistoric sites, and forested valleys. Five million tourists visit Cornwall every year, mostly taken from within the UK. Visitors to Cornwall are served by the airport in Newquay, while private jets, charter and helicopters are also served by the Perranporth airfield; night and day train services run between Cornwall, London, and other areas of the UK. Cornwall has a tourism-based seasonal economy.
Newquay and Porthtowan are popular destinations for surfers. In recent years, the Eden Project near St Austell has been a huge financial success, attracting one of eight visitors to Cornwall in 2004.
Internet
Cornwall is the landing point for twenty-two high-speed submarine cables and the world's transatlantic fiber-optic cables, making Cornwall an important center of the European Internet infrastructure. The Superfast Cornwall project is completed in 2015, and sees 95% of Cornish's homes and businesses connected to fiber-based broadband networks, with more than 90% of properties connected at speeds above 24Mbit/s.
Fishing
Another industry is fishing, although this has been significantly restructured by EU fisheries policy (The Southwest Handline Fishers Association has begun to revive the fishing industry).
Agriculture
Agriculture, which used to be an important part of the Cornish economy has declined significantly. However, there is still a dairy industry that produces strong products like Cornish Clotted cream.
Mine
Tin and copper mining is also an industry, but now abandoned mining jobs only survive as World Heritage Sites. However, the Camborne School of Mines, relocated to Penryn in 2004, remains the center of world excellence in applied mining and geology and World Heritage status grants have attracted funding for conservation and heritage tours. Chinese extraction has also become an important industry in the St Austell region, but the sector has declined, and this, coupled with an increase in mechanization, has led to a decrease in employment in this sector, although the industry still employs about 2,133 people. in Cornwall, and generated over Ã, Â £ 80 million for the local economy.
Aerospace
The newest industry in the region is the flight: Cornwall Airport Newquay is the only national and international airport west of Exeter, and is home to a thriving business park with Enterprise Zone status, known as Aerohub. There are also plans to establish Spaceport Cornwall in Newquay, in partnership with the Goonhilly satellite tracking station near Helston in southern Cornwall.
src: www.shelflifemagazine.com
Demographics
The Cornwall population is 537,400 in the last census, with a population density of 144 people per square kilometer, ranking it 40 and 41 respectively among 47 districts in the UK. The Cornwall population is 95.7% white British and has a relatively high population growth rate. At 11.2% in the 1980s and 5.3% in the 1990s, it had the fifth-highest population growth rate in the UK. The natural changes have decreased the small population, and the population increase is due to migration into the Cornwall. According to the 1991 census, the population was 469,800.
Cornwall has a relatively high pension population, with 22.9% retirement age, compared with 20.3% for the UK as a whole. This may be due to the combination of rural and coastal geography of Cornwall increasing in popularity as a retirement location, and migrating out of the younger population into more economically diverse regions.
Education system
Cornwall has a comprehensive education system, with 31 states and eight independent secondary schools. There are three further educational colleges: Truro and Penwith College, Cornwall College and Callywith College which opened in September 2017. The Isles of Scilly has only one school while the Restormel district once had the highest school population, and a school year size of about 200, with none above 270. Prior to the introduction of a comprehensive school there were a number of secondary school and modern secondary schools, for example schools that later became the Sir James Smith School and the Wadebridge School. There are also elementary schools in many villages and towns; such as St. Mabyn Church of England Elementary School.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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