The Mayflower is a famous British ship carrying the first Puritan British, known today as the Pilgrim, from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated at about 30, but the exact figure is unknown. This voyage has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States, with stories of death and survival in the harsh New England winter environments. The highlight of the voyage is the signing of the Compact Mayflower, an event that forms an imperfect form of democracy, with every member contributing to the welfare of society. There was a second ship named Mayflower that made London to Plymouth, Massachusetts, a cruise several times.
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Mayflower structure and layout
The Mayflower Pilgrimage is a square rig with bow and tall heads, structures such as front and rear forts that serve to protect the crew and the main deck of a design-specific element with the British merchant ship from the early 17th century. The stern part carries a 30-foot-high castle, which makes the ship very difficult to sail against the wind and can not sail well against the existing Atlantic sea forces, especially in the autumn and winter of 1620, and the voyages from England to America take more of two months as a result. The Mayflower journey to London in April-May 1621 took less than half that time, with the same high winds now blowing toward the voyage.
No keel dimensions can be properly expressed, as this is years before the measurements are standardized. He may measure about 100 feet (30 m) long from the front end in the beak from the bow to the stern tip of the stern. He is about 25 feet (7.6 m) in the widest point, with the bottom of the hull about 12 feet (3.6 m) below the water level. William Bradford estimates that Mayflower has 180 tonne cargo capacity. The surviving note from that time indicates that he can certainly hold 180 barrels of wine in his cargo. The barrel is a large barrel that holds hundreds of gallons of Bordeaux wine.
The ship is traditionally heavily armed while on trade routes across Europe, as it is likely to meet pirates and pirates of all kinds. And with its armaments, ships and crew can easily be obliged by the king of England anytime in the event of a conflict with another country. In 1620, the Mayflower was aging, approaching the end of the usual 15-year working life of the British merchant ship of that era.
General layout
The general layout of the ship is as follows:
- Three pole: mizzen (stern), main (midship), and fore, and also spritsail in arc area.
- Three main levels: main deck, weapon deck, and cargo space.
Main deck
On the main deck at the stern there is a cabin for Master Christopher Jones, measuring about ten times seven feet (3 m ÃÆ'â € "2.1 m). Up front it is a classroom that houses a whipstaff for sail control, rather than a wheel like on the next vessels. There is also a ship compass and possibly also a berth for the ship's officers. The forward of the classroom is a roller, a vertical axis used to pull a rope or cable. Deep in front on the main deck, just behind the bow, is a forecastle room where the ship's chef prepares food for the crew; probably also where the ship's sailors sleep.
The dirt deck is above the Master Jones cabin, at the highest level of the ship above the stern behind. House droppings are on this deck, which may be for passengers use either for sleep or cargo. On an ordinary merchant ship, this space may be a chart or cabin space for its master partner.
Rocking deck
The deck gun is where passengers live during the voyage, in a space measuring approximately 50 to 25 feet (15.2 mÃ, Â ± 7.6 m) with a five foot (1.5 m) overhead (ceiling). But it is also a dangerous place in the conflict, because the harbor has harbor ports and the right from which the cannon can run out to fire the enemy. The gun room is in a stern area on a weapon deck, where passengers have no access because it is a powder storage space and ammunition for ship cannons and other ship-owned weapons. The gun room may also house a pair of stern hunters, a small cannon used to shoot the stern of a ship. Continue on the weapon deck in the arc area is a kilter machine, similar equipment functions with a roller in the deck class, which is used to raise and lower the main anchor of the ship. There are no stairs for passengers on the gun deck to ride through the gratings to the main deck. To climb to the main deck, passengers are required to climb a wooden staircase or rope.
There are no facilities for latrines or latrines in the Mayflower, and the crew should keep themselves in that. Deck deck passengers are more likely to use a bucket as a chamber pot, affixed to the deck or bulkhead so as not to be pressed in the sea.
Ship deck gun
The biggest gun is a small cannon made of brass, weighing about 1,200 pounds (545 kg), and can fire a 3.5-pound (1.6 kg) gun almost a mile (1,600 m). The Mayflower also has a cannon board of about 800 pounds (360 kg), and two basic guns weighing about 200 pounds (90 kg) shooting 3 to 5 ounces (85-140 g) balls. He carried at least ten pieces of weaponry at the port and the right side of his deck: seven cannons for long-distance purposes, and three smaller rifles often fired from the stern at close range filled with rifle balls. Then in New Plymouth, Mayflower, Master Jones downgraded four parts to help fortify colonies against invaders, and would not do so unless he was comfortable with the weapons he had on board.
Cargo holders
Under the gun deck is where the cargo where the passengers store most of the food stores and other supplies. Other items include most of their clothes and bedding. It also holds passenger and military personal weapons - armor, muskets, gunpowder, and gunfire, and swords and bandolies. It also stores all the equipment required by Pilgrims, as well as all the equipment and equipment needed to prepare food in the New World. Also note that some Pilgrims contain merchandise traded on board, including Isaac Allerton, William Mullins, and possibly others; this is also most likely stored in the cargo space.
Maps Mayflower
Initial history
It is not known when and where Mayflower is built, but it is likely to be launched in Harwich in Essex, England. He was appointed as "Harwich" in Port Books from 1609-11, though later known as "London". Harwich is also the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones around 1570.
Captain Jones became master of the Mayflower 11 years before the Pilgrim's voyage, sailing on a cross-Channel boat carrying English wool to France and bringing French wine back to London. He has also transported hats, hemp, Spanish salt, hops, and vinegar to Norway, and may have taken the Mayflower hunt in the North Atlantic in the Greenland region, and he has traveled to the Mediterranean ports. At that time, Jones was one of the ship owners, along with Christopher Nichols, Robert Child, and Thomas Short. In 1620, Jones and Robert Child still owned a quarter of their shares on board, and from them that Thomas Weston chartered him in the summer of 1620 for a Pilgrim voyage. Weston had an important role in the Mayflower voyage because of his membership at the Merchant Adventurers of London, and he eventually traveled to Plymouth Colony himself.
There were 26 vessels bearing the Mayflower in Port Books of England during the reign of James I (1603-1625), and the reason for the popularity of this name was never found. One particular Mayflower that has caused historical confusion is a ship partly owned by John Vassall and equipped for Queen Elizabeth in 1588, during the time of the Spanish Armada. However, there was no record of Vassall's Mayflower after 1594. The identity of Captain Jones Mayflower was based on records from his home port, his tonnage (about 180-200 tons), and the master's name in 1620 to avoid confusion with many other Mayflower vessels.
Records from the first records of August 1609 Christopher Jones as the main owner and part of the Mayflower when his vessel was hired for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London. The ship lost an anchor in return because of bad weather, and he made a short delivery of his cargo from the herring. The result of litigation, and this is still being processed in 1612.
Christopher Jones is described in a January 1611 document as "Harwich", and his ship is called Harwich's ( Mayflower in Essex). The Mayflower Jones vessel record shows that the ship was twice on the Thames in London in 1613, once in July and again in October and November. Record 1616 again states that the Jones ship was on the Thames River, carrying a wine load, indicating that the ship had just sailed to France, Spain, Portugal, the Canaries, or some other wine-producing field.
After 1616, no further records were specifically related to Jones Mayflower until 1624. It is not unusual for ship trading to London, as it usually will not be lost from records for a long time. And no Admiralty court documents can be found in connection with the journeys of the pilgrims of 1620, though this may be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of pilgrims is arranged from Leiden to New England, or some period records may have been lost.
Voyage
Speedwell and Mayflower
About 65 passengers started the Mayflower in mid-July 1620 at the harbor of his home in Rotherhithe, Surrey, on the Thames River. The ship then proceeded down the Thames to the English Channel and then to the south coast of England to anchor at Southampton Water. The Mayflower is waiting there for a meeting on July 22 with Speedwell . Speedwell came from the Netherlands with British Puritan separatists, members of the Leiden congregation who had lived in the Netherlands to escape religious persecution in Britain.
Both ships sailed to America around August 5, but Speedwell soon experienced a leak, and both ships were brought to Dartmouth for repair. They made a fresh start after the repair, and they were over 200 miles (320 km) outside of Land's End in the far southwest of England when Speedwell issued another leak. It was early September, and they had no choice but to leave Speedwell and make a determination to the passengers. This is a terrible event, because the ship has wasted vital funds and is considered very important for the future success of their settlements in America. Both ships returned to Plymouth, where several Speedwell passengers joined the Mayflower and the others returned to the Netherlands. The Mayflower then traveled to America, and Speedwell sold out shortly afterward.
The Mayflower carries 102 passengers plus 25 to 30 officers and soldiers, bringing the total to about 130. According to William Bradford, Speedwell is reassembled and "doing a lot of cruises... for big gains from its owner. "Bradford then implied that Speedwell's master was used" cunning and deceitful "to cancel the voyage, possibly by causing a leak in the ship and being motivated by the fear of starvation to death in America.
Mayflower start sailing
In early September, the west wind began to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place to sail. The Mayflower provision was quite low when leaving Southampton, and they became lower due to a delay of more than a month. The passengers had been on the boat all along, and they were quite tired and not in very heavy conditions, the long Atlantic journey was confined in a small space on a small boat. But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6, 1620 with what Bradford called "the winds of peace."
On the Mayflower ship there are many shops that provide essential needs for the pilgrims needed for their journeys and future lives. It is assumed that they carry equipment and weapons, including guns, gunfire, and gunpowder, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and cattle came later. The ship also carried two boats: a longboat and a "shallop", a 21-foot-tall boat powered by an oar or screen. He also carries 12 pieces of artillery (eight minions and four sakers), when pilgrims fear that they may need to defend against European enemy troops, as well as indigenous people.
The line is very sad, with large waves continuously crashing into the upper deck of the ship until the structural woods that become its supporters crack. Passengers have suffered torturing delays, food shortages, and other shortcomings, and they are now being called upon to provide assistance to the ship's carpenters in repairing the cracked main support beams. This was repaired by using a metal mechanical device called jackscrew, which had been loaded on the board to assist in the construction of settler homes. It is now used to secure the blocks so as not to crack further, making the vessel tough enough.
The crew of the Mayflower have several tools to help them travel, such as a compass for navigation, as well as log systems and lines to measure speeds within nautical miles per hour (knots). Time is measured by the ancient method of hourglass.
Arrival in America
On November 9, 1620, they saw Cape Cod at this time. They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination at the Colony of Virginia, where they obtained permission to settle from the Merchant Adventurers Company. However, the strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor on the Cape Cod hook, far north of the targeted area, where they anchored on 11 November. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor, to establish a legal order and to quell an increasing rivalry in the ranks.
On Monday, November 27, an exploratory expedition was launched under the direction of Captain Christopher Jones in search of suitable residential locations. As a master of Mayflower, Jones was not required to assist in the search, but he seemed to think it was in his best interest to assist the search expedition. There are 34 people in the open shallow: 24 passengers and 10 sailors. They were obviously unprepared for the winter weather they encountered on their reconnoiter, the Mayflower passengers were unfamiliar with the winter weather that was much colder than at home. They were forced to spend the night on the beach because of the bad weather they encountered, uncomfortable under frosty temperatures with wet shoes and frozen stockings. Bradford wrote, "Some of our dead are taking the origin of their deaths here" on the expedition.
The settlers explored the snow-covered areas and found an empty original village, now known as Corn Hill in Truro. The curious settlers dug the artificial mounds, some of them storing corn, while others were burial places. The modern writer Nathaniel Philbrick claims that settlers stole corn and looted and desecrated the graves, sparking friction with local residents. Philbrick went on to say that they were exploring the Cape Cod area for several weeks when they moved to the beach to what is now Eastham, and he claims that pilgrims loot and steal indigenous shops when they leave. He then wrote about how they decided to move to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with Nogen at First Encounter Beach in December 1620.
However, the only report of contemporary events, William Bradford The History of Plymouth Plantation , only records that pilgrims take "some" corn, to show others back to the boat, leaving the rest. They then take what they need from other deposits, but pay the indigenous people back within six months, and no conflicts are occurring.
Also found more corn and their beans in various colors; the corn and peanuts they carried away, in order to give them full satisfaction when they had to meet one of them, about six months later, to get good content.
First winter
During the winter, passengers remain on the Mayflower ship, suffering from an infectious disease epidemic described as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. When it ends, only 53 passengers are left - more than half; half of the crew also died. In the spring, they built a cottage on land, and the passengers descended from the Mayflower on 21 March 1621.
The settlers decided to board our "great throne" on a hill overlooking the settlement at the end of February 1621, for fear of being attacked by the natives. Christopher Jones oversaw the transport of "great weapons" - about six iron cannons that were between four and eight feet long (1.2-2.4 m) and weighed nearly half a ton. The cannons are capable of throwing a 3.5 inch (8.9 cm) iron ball with a diameter of 1,700 yards (1.5 km). This action makes what is nothing more than a dilapidated village almost a well preserved fortress.
Jones initially planned to return to Britain as soon as the pilgrims found a settlement. But his crew members began to be crushed by the same disease that hit the pilgrims, and he realized he had to stay in the Port of Plymouth "until he sees his people starting to recover." The Mayflower lay in the port of New Plymouth through the winter of 1620-21, then sailed for England on April 5, 1621, the empty parade with stones from the port of Plymouth. Like pilgrims, its sailors have been destroyed by disease. Jones has lost his boat, his shooter, three quartermasters, cooks, and more than a dozen sailors.
The Mayflower made an excellent time on his way back to England. The west wind that struck him out pushed him home, and he arrived at the port of Rotherhithe's house in London on May 6, 1621, less than half the time it had taken him to sail to America. "
Jones died after returning from a trip to France on March 5, 1622, around the age of 52. For the next two years, the Mayflower lay in his bed at Rotherhithe, not far from Jones' tomb at St. John's Church. Mary. In 1624, he was no longer useful as a ship; The next fate is unknown, but he may break up about that time.
Passenger
Some families traveled together, while some men came alone, leaving families in England and Leiden. Two wives on a pregnant ship; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to the son of Oceanus while at sea, and Susanna White gave birth to Peregrine's son at the end of November when the ship docked in Cape Cod Harbor. He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England region. One child died during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony.
According to the Mayflower passenger list, more than a third of the passengers are the Puritan Separatists who seek to break away from the established Church of England and create communities along the lines of their religious ideals. Others were hired as hands, maids, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all of whom were destined for the Virginia Colonies. Four of the last group of passengers were young children who were treated by Mayflower pilgrims as contract coolies. The Virginia Company started transporting children in 1618. Until recently, children were considered orphans, boys, or unintentional child labor. At that time, children were routinely arrested from the streets of London or taken from poor families who received church assistance to be used as laborers in the colony. Any legal objections to the children's voluntary transportation are imposed by the Advisory Board. For example it is evident that the four more children were sent to America for being illegitimate. Three of four more died in the first winter of the New World, but Richard lived until about 81 years, died in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.
The passengers mostly sleep and live in large low-ceilinged cabins and on the main deck, which is 75 x 20 feet (23 m Æ' 6 m) at most. The cabin is thin-walled and very narrow, and its total area is 25 feet 15 feet (7.6 m² - 4.5 m) in the largest part. Under the deck, anyone who is over five feet (150 cm) tall will not be able to stand upright. The maximum possible space for each person will be slightly less than the standard single-bed size.
Passengers will pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games like the Morris Men Nine. The food on board is cooked by a fire box, which is an iron tray with sand in it where a fire is built. This is risky because it is stored at the waist of the ship. Passengers make their own food from rations that are eaten daily and food is cooked to the group at a time.
Upon arrival in America, the harsh climate and the scarcity of fresh food were exacerbated by the shortness of the provisions due to the delay of departure. Living in this very close and densely packed place, some passengers develop scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. At that time the use of lemons or limes to fight the disease is unknown, and an ordinary dietary source of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables has run out, because this fresh food can not be stored for long without being rotten. Passengers with scurvy have symptoms such as bleeding gums, tooth loss, and bad breath.
Passengers consume large amounts of alcohol such as beer with food. These are known to be safer than water, which often comes from polluted sources that cause disease. All food and drinks are stored in a barrel known as "hogshead".
Passenger William Mullins carries 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots in the trunk. Other items include oily skin and canvas clothes, gowns and leather and pants, shirts, assholes, double, neck scarves, hats and hats, hoses, pantyhose, belts, articles, and men's clothing. On his death, his land consisted of vast footwear and other items, and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband, John Alden, quite prosperous.
There are no cattle or animals of draft or load carried on the way, but there are pigs, goats, and poultry. Some passengers take family pets such as cats and birds. Peter Browne took his big bitch, and John Goodman brought his spaniel.
Mayflower officers, crew and more
According to author Charles Banks, the officers and crews of the Mayflower consisted of a captain, four couples, four quartermasters, surgeons, carpenters, cooperators, cooks, boats, gunners, and about 36 people before the pole, making a total of about 50. The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth during the winter of 1620-1621, and about half of them died during that time. The remaining crew returned to England at the Mayflower, which sailed to London on April 5, 1621.
Crew members per various sources
Three of the Mayflower owners filed an appeal to Admiralty for a vessel assessment on May 4, 1624, two years after Captain Jones's death in 1622; one of these applicants is Mrs. Jones's widow Josian (Joan) Jones. This estimate may be made to determine the ship's judgment for the purpose of settling his late master's estate. The assessment was carried out by four sailors and shipbuilders from Rotherhithe, the home and burial place of Captain Jones, where the Mayflower was apparently lying on the River Thames in London. Assessment still exists and provides information about the ship's equipment on board at the time, as well as equipment such as rifles and other weapons. The ship may have been laid since Jones's death and left out of repair, because that's what the assessment shows. The vessel is worth one hundred and twenty-eight pounds, eight shillings, and fourpence.
What ended up being the Mayflower is an unresolved problem. Charles Edward Banks, a British historian of the Pilgrim ship, claimed that the ship was finally broken up, with wood used in the construction of a warehouse in the village of Jordans in Buckinghamshire. The tradition claims that this barn still exists as the Mayflower Barn, located within the land of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire. In 1624, Thomas Russell should have added part of the existing farmhouse there with wood from a ship, believed to have come from the Pilgrim Mayflower vessel, purchased from the ship's yard at Rotherhithe. A well-preserved structure is a tourist attraction, receiving visitors yearly from all over the world and especially from America, but it is now privately owned and not open to the public.
Second and Second Mayflower
Another ship called the Mayflower traveled from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 with 35 passengers, many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden who arranged the first voyage. This is not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. The voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August. The ship also made a crossing from England to America in 1630 (as part of the Winthrop Armada), 1633, 1634, and 1639. He attempted another journey in 1641, leaving London in October of that year under the command of John Cole, passenger to Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642, a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.
Place in history
The Pilgrim Ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of the early European occupation of the future of the United States.
The main note for the voyage of the Mayflower and the Plymouth Colony disposition comes from the letters and journals of William Bradford, who was the guiding power and then the governor of the colony.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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