Dental plaque

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Dental plaque is a biofilm or a bacterial mass growing on the inside of the mouth. It is a colorless non-sticky deposit at first, but when it forms tartar, it is often brown or pale yellow. Usually found between the teeth, in front of the tooth, behind the teeth, on the chewing surface, along the gum line, or below the limits of the cerebral gums. Dental plaque is also known as microbial plaque, oral biofilm, tooth biofilm, dental plaque biofilm or bacterial plaque biofilm. Bacterial plaque is one of the main causes of tooth decay and gum disease.

Progression and buildup of dental plaque can cause tooth decay - localized dental destruction by acids resulting from the degradation of fermentable sugar bacteria - and periodontal problems such as gingivitis and periodontitis; therefore it is important to disrupt the mass of bacteria and eliminate them. Plaque and lifting control can be done by brushing your teeth every day or twice a day properly and using interdental help such as dental floss and interdental brush.

Oral hygiene is important because the dental biofilm can be an acid that causes tooth demineralization (also known as dental caries) or harden into tooth calculus (also known as tartar). Calculus can not be removed through tooth brushing or with interdental help, but only through professional cleaning.

Video Dental plaque

Plate Formation

Dental plaque is a biofilm attached to tooth surfaces, restorations and prosthetic equipment (including dentures and bridges) if left undisturbed. Understanding the formation, composition, and plaque characteristics helps in its control. The acquired particle is a salivary layer composed primarily of glycoprotein and is formed immediately after dental cleansing or new dental exposure. The bacteria then attach to the pelicidal layer, form the micro colony, and mature on the tooth, which can cause mouth disease. The following table provides a more detailed explanation (six steps) about biofilm formation:

Maps Dental plaque

Placard component

Different types of bacteria are usually present in the mouth. These bacteria, as well as leukocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, are part of the normal oral cavity and contribute to an individual's health. Approximately 80-90% of the weight of plaque is water. While 70% of dry weight is bacteria, the remaining 30% consists of polysaccharides and glycoproteins.

Bacteria

Most of the microorganisms that make up the biofilm are Streptococcus mutans and other anaerobes, although the exact composition varies by location in the mouth. Examples of such anaerobes include fusobacterium and actinobacteria. S. mutans and other anaerobes were early invaders from the tooth surface, and played a major role in the formation of the early biofilm community. All these microorganisms appear naturally in the oral cavity and are usually harmless. However, failure to remove plaque by brushing your teeth regularly allows them to breed uncontrollably and thus build up in thick layers, which can be based on their usual metabolism causing various dental diseases for the host. The microorganisms closest to the tooth surface usually obtain energy by fermenting dietary sucrose; during fermentation they begin to produce acids.

The position of the bacterial balance varies at different stages of formation. Below is a summary of the bacteria that may be present during the plaque maturation phase:

• Initial biofilm: especially Gram positive cocci
• Ancient biofilm (3-4 days): increasing number of filaments and fusiform
• 4-9 days undisturbed: More complex flora with stems, filamentous shape
• 7-14 days: Vibrio species, spirochetes, Gram-negative organisms more

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Plaque as biofilm

Dental plaque is considered a biofilm attached to the tooth surface. It is a very carefully formed microbial community, organized into specific structures and functions. The plaque is rich in species, given the fact that about 1000 different bacterial species have been recognized using modern techniques.

The surface of a clean tooth will soon be colonized by the salivary pellicle, which acts as a glue. This allows the first bacteria (early colonizers) to stick to the teeth, then colonize and grow. After some initial colonist growth, biofilms become more in line with other species of bacteria, known as late invaders.

Initial colonizer

• terutama spesies Streptococcus (60-90%)
• Eikenella spp.
• Haemophilus spp.
• Prevotella spp.
• Priopionibacterium spp.
• Capnocytophaga spp.
• Veil-lonella spp.

Late colonizers

• A. actino- mycetemcomitans
• Prevotella intermedia
• Eubacterium spp.
• Treponema spp.
• Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is found between the early and late colonies, connecting them together.

Some salivary components are essential for plaque ecosystems, such as salivary alpha-amylases that play a role in binding and adhesion. Rich protein rich proline (PRP) and statherins are also involved in plaque formation.

Biofilm supragingiva

Supragingival biofilms are dental plaques that form above the gums, and are the first type of plaque that forms after brushing. It usually forms between the teeth, in the holes and grooves of teeth and along the gums. It consists of mostly aerobic bacteria, which means these bacteria need oxygen to survive. If plaque remains in the tooth for a longer period of time, anaerobic bacteria begin to grow in this plaque.

biofilms Subgingival

Subgingival biofilms are plaques located below the gums. This occurs after the formation of supragingival biofilms by the downward growth of bacteria from the top of the gums downward. This plaque consists mostly of anaerobic bacteria, meaning that these bacteria will only survive if there is no oxygen. Because these plaques stick in pockets under the gums, they are not exposed to oxygen in the mouth and therefore will develop if not removed.

The extracellular matrix contains proteins, long chain polysaccharides and lipids.

The most common reasons for ecosystem disturbance are the ecological factors discussed in the environmental section. Bacteria that show the most appropriate plasticity for environmental changes dominate the given environment. Often, this leads to opportunistic pathogens that can cause dental caries and periodontal disease. Pathogenic bacteria that have the potential to cause dental caries to thrive in an acid environment; those who have the potential to cause periodontal disease develop in a slightly alkaline environment.

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Environment

Unlike other body parts, the tooth surface is uniquely hard and does not change. Therefore, the warm and humid environment of the mouth and the presence of teeth, making a good environment for the growth and development of dental plaque. The major ecological factors that contribute to plaque formation are pH, saliva, temperature and redox reactions. The normal range of saliva is between 6 and 7 and plaque biofilm is known to develop in pH between 6.7 â € <â €

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Consequences of placard buildup

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is an inflammatory lesion, mediated by host-parasite interactions that remain localized to the gingival tissue, it is a common result of plaque formation around the gingival tissue. The bacteria found in biofilms lead to host responses that result in localized inflammation in the tissues. It is characterized by cardinal signs of inflammation including red, swollen gum appearance and bleeding due to brushing or flossing. Plaque gingivitis can be reversible with plaque removal. However, if left for a long time, inflammation may begin to affect the supportive tissues, in a development called periodontitis. The gingivitis response is a protective mechanism, preventing periodontitis in many cases.

Periodontitis

Periodontitis is an infection of the gums that causes bone damage around the teeth in the jaw. Periodontitis occurs after gingivitis has been established, but not all individuals with gingivitis will have periodontitis. Plaque accumulation is very important in the development of bacterial periodontitis in plaque-releasing enzymes that attack bone and cause it to break down, and at the same time osteoclasts in bone break down bone as a way to prevent further infection. It can be treated with tight oral hygiene such as brushing and cleaning between teeth and surgical debridement completed by a professional dentist.

Caries

Dental caries is an infectious disease caused primarily by Streptococcus mutans, characterized by acid demineralization of the enamel, which can progress to further damage of the more organic dentine tissue (dentin). The bacterial community will mainly consist of acidic and acid-tolerant species (eg Mutant streptococci and lactobacilli), while other species with relevant characteristics may also be involved. Everyone is susceptible to caries but the likelihood of development depends on individual patient disease indicators, risk factors and preventive factors. Factors considered to be at high risk for developing dental caries lesions include:

• Low fluoride exposure
• Time, length, and frequency of sugar consumption
• Quality of tooth cleaning
• Fluctuations in saliva flow rate and composition
• Individual behavior
• The quality and composition of biofilms

Organic acid released from dental plaque causes demineralization of adjacent tooth surface, and consequently on dental caries. Saliva also can not penetrate the buildup of plaque and thus can not act to neutralize the acid produced by bacteria and remineralization of the tooth surface.

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Detection of plaque formation

There are two main methods for detecting dental plaque in the oral cavity: through application of gel or tablets of disclosure, and/or visually through observation. Plaque detection is usually detected clinically by plaque-exposing agents. Reveals an agent containing dyes that turn bright red to indicate plaque buildup.

It is important for an individual to be aware of what to look for when making his own assessment of dental plaque. It is important to realize that everyone has dental plaque, however, the severity of the buildup and the consequences of not removing plaque can vary.

Plaque revealing gel

Plaque product reveals, also known as exposure, makes plaque visible clinically. The net surface of the teeth does not absorb the disclosures, only rough surfaces. Plaque revealed the gel can be completed at home or in dental clinic. Before using this at home or at dental clinic check with your GP for any allergies to iodine, food coloring or any other ingredients that may be present in this product. This gel provides visual assistance in assessing the presence of plaque biofilm and can also indicate maturation of dental plaque.

Uncover tablet

Revealing tablets is similar to reveal a gel, except that they are placed in the mouth and chewed for about a minute. The remaining tablet or saliva is then vomited. Expressing the gel will show plaque, but it often does not show plaque maturity level. Express tablets are often prescribed or given to patients with orthodontic equipment for use before and after brushing to ensure optimal cleaning. It is also an educational tool that helps for children or patients who are struggling to remove dental plaque in certain areas. Revealing gels and tablets is useful for individuals of all ages in ensuring efficient removal of dental plaque.

Visual or tactile detection

Tooth biopsy begins to form on teeth just minutes after brushing. It is difficult to see dental plaque on hard tissue surfaces, but can be felt as a rough surface. It is often perceived as a thick deposit, such as a feather that can be present as a yellow, brown or brown stain. These deposits are commonly found in tooth or dental equipment such as orthodontic brackets. The most common way of dental plaque is assessed through dental assessment at dental clinics where dental instruments can erode some plaque. The most common area in which the patient finds plaque is between the teeth and along the cervical margins.

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Placards on dogs and cats

Dental plaque is also very common in pets such as dogs and cats. However, the bacteria associated with canine and feline plaque appear to be different from humans. Untreated can lead to more severe gum disease such as periodontitis; then veterinarians often recommend oral health products for affected pets.

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See also

• Flossing
• Gingiva
• Dental Disease
• Oral hygiene
• Oral microbiology

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References

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External links

• Primary Biofilm

Source of the article : Wikipedia