Squamous cell carcinoma, also known as epidermoid carcinoma is a number of different cancers produced from squamous cells. These cells form the surface of the hollow organ's skin layers in the body and lines of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Common types include:
- Squamous cell skin cancer: A type of skin cancer
- Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma: Types of lung cancer
- Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma: Type of thyroid cancer
- Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Type of esophageal cancer
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina: Type of vaginal cancer
Although sharing the name squamous cell carcinoma , SCC from different body sites may show differences in the symptoms presented, natural history, prognosis, and response to treatment.
Video Squamous cell carcinoma
Jenis
Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) has been associated with SCC in oropharynx, lung, fingers and anogenital areas.
Head and neck cancer
Ninety percent of head and neck cancer cases (mouth cancer, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, throat and related structures) are due to squamous cell carcinoma.
Thyroid
Primary squamous cell thyroid carcinoma shows an aggressive biological phenotype that causes a poor prognosis for the patient.
Esophagus
Esophageal cancer can be caused by squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or adenocarcinoma (EAC). SCC tends to occur closer to the mouth, while adenocarcinoma occurs closer to the stomach. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing, solids worse than fluid) and painful swallowing are common early symptoms. If the disease is localized, removal of exposed esophageal induction may offer a possible cure. If the disease has spread, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are usually used.
Lung
When associated with the lungs, usually large cell cancer is located in the center (non-small cell lung cancer or NSCLC). It often has paraneoplastic syndrome causing ectopic protein production associated with parathyroid hormone (PTHrP), resulting in hypercalcaemia, but paraneoplastic syndrome is more commonly associated with small cell lung cancer.
That's mainly because of smoking.
Penis
Human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV 16 & amp; 18, is heavily involved in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three in situ carcinomas are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis:
- Bowen disease that appears as leukoplakia on the stem. About 1/3 develops into squamous cell carcinoma
- Erythroplasia of Queyrat, variation of Bowen disease, showing erythroplakia in the gland
- Bowenoid papulosis, which histologically resembles Bowen's disease, but appears as a reddish papula.
Prostate
When associated with prostate, squamous cell carcinoma is very aggressive in nature. It is difficult to detect because there is no increase in prostate-specific antigen levels seen; meaning that cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
Vagina and cervix
Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma spreads slowly and usually remains near the vagina, but can spread to the lungs and liver. This is the most common type of vaginal cancer.
Bladder
Most bladder cancers are transitional cells, but bladder cancers associated with Schistosomiasis often become squamous cell carcinomas.
Maps Squamous cell carcinoma
Diagnosis
Classification
Cancer can be thought of as a very large and very heterogeneous family of malignant disease, with squamous cell carcinoma consisting of one of the largest subsets. All squamous cell carcinoma lesions are estimated to begin by recurrent and uncontrolled cancer cell division from lineage or epithelial characteristics. Squamous cell carcinoma arises from squamous cells, ie flat cells that line many areas of the body. The accumulation of these cancer cells causes microscopic focus of abnormal cells which, at least initially, are locally limited in the specific tissues in which progenitor cells live. This condition is called squamous cell carcinoma in situ , and is diagnosed when the tumor has not penetrated the basement membrane or other limiting structures to invade adjacent tissues. After the lesion has grown and progressed to the point where it has penetrated, penetrated, and infiltrated adjacent structures, it is referred to as "invasive" squamous cell carcinoma. Once the carcinoma becomes invasive, it can spread to other organs and lead to metastatic formation, or "secondary tumor".
Original tissue
International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) system lists a number of morphological subtypes and variants of malignant squamous cell neoplasms, including:
- Papillary thyroid carcinoma (Code 8050/3)
- Verucosa squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8051/3)
- Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8052/3)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8070/3)
- Large cell keratinization squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8071/3)
- Large cell keratinization squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8072/3)
- Squamous cell keratinization squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8073/3)
- Squamous cell cell carcinoma spindle (Code 8074/3)
- Adenoid/pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8075/3)
- Intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8081/3)
- Lymphoid carcinomasepitel (Code 8082/3)
Other variants of squamous cell carcinoma are recognized under other systems, such as:
- Keratoacanthoma
Morphology
- Bowen's disease is a sun-induced skin disease, and is thought to be the earliest form of squamous cell carcinoma.
- Erythroplasia of Queyrat
- Keratoacanthoma is a low-grade skin malignancy. It is derived from the pilo-sebaceous glands, and is similar in clinical presentation and microscopic analysis to squamous cell carcinoma, except that it contains a central keratin plug. Statistically, it is less likely to be invasive than squamous cell carcinoma.
- Marjolin ulcers are a kind of squamous cell carcinoma arising from non-healing ulcers or burns. More recent evidence, however, suggests that there may be genetic differences between squamous cell carcinoma and previously undervalued marjolin ulcers.
Microscopic sightings
One method of classifying squamous cell carcinoma is by their appearance under a microscope. Subtypes may include:
- Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma (also known as "pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma"), characterized by tubular microscopic patterns and keratinocyte acantholysis.
- Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by predilection for the base of the tongue.
- Clear Cell cell squamous cell carcinoma (also known as "clear cell carcinoma of the skin") is characterized by clear-looking keratinocytes due to hydropic swelling. The cell carcinoma of the ring-cell marker (sometimes given as a "cell-cell cell squamous cell cell carcinoma") is a histologic variant characterized by a concentric ring composed of keratin and associated large vacuole with real. dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum. These vacuoles grow in such a way that they radically substitute the cell nucleus to the cell membrane, giving distinctive superficial resemblance cells to "seal rings" when viewed under a microscope.
- Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (also known as "spindle cell carcinoma") is a subtype characterized by spindle-shaped atypical cells.
SCC is a histologically different form of cancer. It arises from uncontrolled multiplication of epithelial cells, or cells that exhibit certain cytology or tissue architecture characteristics of squamous cell differentiation, such as the presence of keratin, a tonofilament bundle, or desmosomes, structures involved in cell-to-cell adhesion.
Management
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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