Use of medical silver includes use in wound dressings, creams, and as antibiotic coatings on medical equipment. While wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used in external infections, there is not sufficient evidence to support such use. There is transient evidence that the silver lining of the endotracheal breathing tube can reduce the incidence of ventilator-related pneumonia.
Silver generally has low toxicity, and minimal risk is expected when silver is used in approved medical applications. Alternative medicine products such as colloidal silver are not safe or effective.
Video Medical uses of silver
Mekanisme aksi
Silver and most silver compounds have oligodynamic and toxic effects for bacteria, algae, and in vitro mushrooms. The silver antibacterial action depends on the silver ion. The effectiveness of silver compounds as an antiseptic is based on the ability of biologically active silver ions ( Ag > ) to permanently damage the enzyme key system in the cell membrane of the pathogen. The silver antibacterial action has long been known to be enhanced by the presence of an electric field. Applying an electric current in the silver electrode increases the antibiotic action in the anode, possibly due to the release of silver into the bacterial culture. The antibacterial action of the electrodes coated with the silver nano structure greatly increases with the presence of an electric field.
Silver, used as a topical antiseptic, is inserted by the bacteria it kills. Thus dead bacteria can be a source of silver that can kill additional bacteria.
Maps Medical uses of silver
Medical use
Antibacterial Cream
A systematic review of 2012 reported that topical silver showed much worse recovery times compared with controls and showed no evidence of effectiveness in preventing wound infections. A systematic review of Cochrane in 2010 concluded: "There is insufficient evidence to determine whether silver-containing clothing or topical agents promote wound healing or prevent wound infections".
The US Food and Drug Administration has approved a number of topical preparations of silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of second- and third-degree burns.
Dressing
A systematic review of 2012 found that silver-containing dressings are no better than silver-free dressings in treating burns. A review of Cochrane 2012 found that silver-containing hydrocolloid dressings are no better than standard alginate dressings in treating diabetic foot ulcers. The 2010 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine whether silver-containing bandages increase or reduce infections or affect healing rates. Another 2010 review found some evidence that impregnated silver clothing improves wound healing and short-term ulcers. The lead author of this paper is a speaker for one of the producers of one of the silver outfits under investigation. A Cochrane 2018 review found that silver-containing dressings can increase the chances of healing for foot vein ulcers. A systematic review of 2009 found that silver bandages improve wound healing and quality of life when dealing with chronic wounds that do not cure. Another review of 2009 concluded that evidence of silver-containing foam in chronic infected wounds is unclear, but found that silver-containing foams resulted in greater reductions in wound size and more effective leakage and odor control than non-silver dressings. A Cochrane review from 2013 found that all experiments assessing bandages on superficial and partial thickness burns were at risk for bias and reportedly poor data. Sulphadiazine silver has consistently had worse healing outcomes and delayed healing times compared to biosynthetic, silicone-coated and silver. An earlier version of the review has raised concerns about time delays for wound healing and an increase in the number of dressing applications when silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is used for the full duration of care. Another systematic review concludes that the evidence shows the overall positive effect of silver-releasing dressings in the management of chronic infected wounds, but expressed concern that the quality of the underlying trials was limited and potentially biased.
A number of silver-containing wound dressings as anti-bacteria have been cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Endotracheal tubes
Limited evidence suggests that the endotracheal breathing tubes coated with silver may reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and delay its onset, although no benefit is seen in the duration of intubation, duration of stay in intensive care or mortality rate. Concern has arisen around the undeniable nature of some research. It is not known whether they are cost effective, and more high-quality scientific tests are required.
The US Food and Drug Administration in 2007 cleaned endotracheal tubes with a fine silver coating to reduce the risk of ventilator-related pneumonia.
Catheter
The evidence does not support an important reduction in the risk of urinary tract infections when silver alloy catheters are used. These catheters are associated with greater costs than other catheters.
Combination of chlorhexidine & amp; silver-sulfadiazine used in central venous catheters (CVC) reduces the rate of blood flow infections associated with catheters. However, it seems difficult to determine whether the addition of silver-sulfadizin is responsible for the antimicrobial action of central venous catheter chlorhexidine-silver-sulfadiazine. Because chlorhexidine alone can be a major cause of antimicrobial action and more research is needed to solve it. Although, it has been hypothesized that silver-sulfadizine can still help reduce infection through other mechanisms, has not been determined.
X-ray movies
The silver-halide imaging plates used with X-ray imaging are standard before digital techniques arrive. Silver x-ray films remain popular because of their accuracy, and cost effectiveness, especially in developing countries, where digital X-ray technology is not usually available.
Other uses
Silver compounds have been used in external preparations as antiseptics, including silver nitrate and silver proteinates, which can be used in aqueous solutions as eye drops to prevent conjunctivitis in newborns. Silver nitrate is also sometimes used in dermatology in the form of solid sticks as caustic ("lunar caustic") to treat certain skin conditions, such as corn and warts. In addition silver nitrate is used in certain laboratory settings to stain the cells. Because permanent black-purple/black color changes, in enhancing the visibility of individual cells under a microscope and making it possible to distinguish between cells, or the identification of irregularities. Silver is also used in bone prosthesis, reconstructive orthopedic surgery, and heart devices. Silver diamine fluoride appears to be an effective intervention to reduce dental caries (tooth decay). Silver is also used as a component in some cement gears. Silver acetate has been used as a potential aid to help quit smoking; the literature review in 2012, however, found no effect of silver acetate on smoking cessation at the end point of six months and if any effect would be small. Silver has also been used in cosmetics, intended to enhance the antimicrobial effects and preservation of the ingredients.
Adverse effects
Although silver toxicity is low, the human body has no biological use for silver and when inhaled, swallowed, injected, or topically applied, silver accumulates in the body, especially in the skin, and chronic use combined with exposure to sunlight can produce known blemish conditions as argyria in which the skin becomes blue or grayish blue. Localized argyria can occur as a result of topical use of creams and silver-containing solutions, whereas ingestion, inhalation, or injection can produce common argitria. Early reports of treatment with laser therapy have been reported. This laser treatment is very painful and required general anesthesia. Similar laser treatments have been used to remove silver particles from the eye, a condition associated with argyria called argyrosis. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) describes argyria as a "cosmetic problem".
One of the more publicized incidents of argyria occurred in 2008, when a man named Paul Karason, whose skin was blue because of using colloidal silver for more than 10 years to treat dermatitis, appeared on NBC's "Today" show. Karason died in 2013 at the age of 62 years after a heart attack.
Colloidal silver can interact with some prescription drugs, reducing the absorption of some antibiotics and thyroxine, among others.
Some people are allergic to silver, and the use of silver-containing medical treatments and equipment is a contraindication to such people. Although silver-containing medical devices are widely used in hospitals, no comprehensive testing and standardization of these products has been performed.
Water purification
Electrolytic soluble silver has been used as a water disinfectant agent, for example, drinking-water supplies from Russian Mir orbital stations and the International Space Station. Many modern hospitals filter hot water through a copper-silver filter to defeat MRSA infection and legionella. The World Health Organization includes silver in a colloidal state produced by electrolysis of silver electrodes in water, and colloidal silver in a water filter as two of a number of specified water disinfection methods to provide safe drinking water in developing countries. Along this line, a ceramic filtration system coated with silver particles has been created by Ron Rivera of Potters for Peace and used in developing countries for water disinfection (in this application silver inhibits microbial growth on filter substrates, to prevent clogging, and not indirect disinfect water filtered).
Alternative medicine
Silver colloid (a colloid consisting of silver particles suspended in a liquid) and formulations containing silver salts were used by physicians in the early 20th century, but their use was largely discontinued in the 1940s after safer development and Effective modern antibiotics. Since about 1990, there has been a revival of the promotion of colloidal silver as a dietary supplement, marketed with claims as an essential mineral supplement, or that it can prevent or treat many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS. , herpes, and tuberculosis. There is no medical evidence supporting the effectiveness of colloidal silver for any of these claimed indications. Silver is not an essential mineral in humans; there is no dietary requirement for silver, and hence, there is no such thing as a "lack" of silver. There is no evidence that silver colloids treat or prevent any medical condition, and can cause serious and potentially irreversible side effects such as argyria.
In August 1999, the US FDA prohibited sellers of colloidal silver from claiming any therapeutic or preventive value for the product, although silver-containing products continued to be promoted as dietary supplements in the US under the looser regulatory standards applied to supplements. The FDA has issued numerous Warning Letters to Internet sites that continue to promote colloidal silver as antibiotics or for other medical purposes. Despite the FDA's efforts, silver products remain available on the market today. A website review promoting nasal sprays containing colloidal silver suggests that information about silver nose sprays on the internet is misleading and inaccurate.
In 2002, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) found no valid medical use for colloidal silver and no evidence to support its marketing claims. The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) warns that the marketing claims about colloidal silver are not scientifically supported, that the silver content of marketed supplements varies greatly, and that colloidal silver products can have serious side effects like argyria. In 2009, the USFDA issued a "Consumer Awareness" warning about the potential bad effects of colloidal silver, and said that "... there are no legally marketed or silver-free prescription (OTC) recipes taken by mouth." Quackwatch states that colloidal silver dietary supplements have not been found to be safe or effective for the treatment of any condition. Consumer Reports lists the colloidal silver as "a supplement to avoid", describing it as "insecure possibility". The Los Angeles Times states that "colloidal silver as a cure-all is a fraud with a long history, with shamans claiming to cure cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis, diabetes, and many other diseases."
It may be illegal to be marketed as a prevention or treatment for cancer, and in some illegal jurisdictions selling colloidal silver for consumption. In 2015 a British man is prosecuted and found guilty under the 1939 Cancer Act for selling colloidal silver with a claim to treat cancer.
History
Hippocrates in his writing discusses the use of silver in wound care. In the early twentieth century surgeons routinely used silver stitches to reduce the risk of infection. At the beginning of the 20th century, doctors used silver-containing eye drops to treat eye problems, for various infections, and sometimes internally for diseases such as tropical canker sores, epilepsy, gonorrhea, and common colds. During World War I, soldiers used silver leaves to treat infected wounds.
Before the introduction of modern antibiotics, colloidal silver was used as a disinfectant and disinfectant. With the development of modern antibiotics in the 1940s, the use of silver as an antimicrobial agent was reduced. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is a compound containing silver and sodium sulfadiazine antibiotics, developed in 1968.
Cost
National Health Services in the UK spent around à £ 25 million for silverware in 2006. Silver-containing furnishings represent about 14% of the total dressing used and about 25% of the total cost of the wound.
Concerns have been expressed about the potential environmental costs of silver nanomaterial produced in consumer applications released into the environment, for example that they may pose a threat to benign ground organisms.
See also
- Ineffective list of cancer treatments
- Colloidal gold
- The properties of antibiotic nanoparticles
References
External links
- "Integrative Treatment: Colloidal Silver". Sloan-Kettering Memorial Cancer Center.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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